mie: implement block dominance calculation using lengauer-tarjan algorithm

the new rewriter interface supports running patterns over an Op's children
matching Ops that conform to a pattern, and rewriting Ops in arbitrary ways.

.clang-format

@@ -1,64 +1,6 @@
 BasedOnStyle: WebKit
 IndentWidth: 8
 ---
-Language: C
-DerivePointerAlignment: false
-PointerAlignment: Right
-ColumnLimit: 80
-AlignAfterOpenBracket: AlwaysBreak
-AlignConsecutiveAssignments: None
-AlignConsecutiveBitFields: None
-AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: None
-AlignConsecutiveMacros: AcrossEmptyLinesAndComments
-AlignEscapedNewlines: Right
-AlignOperands: AlignAfterOperator
-AlignTrailingComments: true
-AllowAllArgumentsOnNextLine: false
-AllowAllConstructorInitializersOnNextLine: false
-AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
-AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Empty
-AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
-AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
-AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: true
-AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: Yes
-BinPackArguments: true
-BinPackParameters: true
-ExperimentalAutoDetectBinPacking: false
-BitFieldColonSpacing: Both
-BreakBeforeBraces: Linux
-BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: All
-BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
-BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma
-BreakInheritanceList: BeforeComma
-BreakStringLiterals: true
-ContinuationIndentWidth: 8
-Cpp11BracedListStyle: true
-IncludeBlocks: Regroup
-SortIncludes: true
-IndentRequires: true
-NamespaceIndentation: Inner
-ReflowComments: true
-SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 3
-TabWidth: 8
-UseTab: AlignWithSpaces
-PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 1000000
-PenaltyExcessCharacter: 5
-PenaltyBreakOpenParenthesis: 5
-PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 5
-PenaltyIndentedWhitespace: 0
-AttributeMacros:
-  - BLUELIB_API
-ForEachMacros:
-  - b_btree_foreach
-  - b_queue_foreach
-MacroBlockBegin: "MIE_.*_BEGIN"
-MacroBlockEnd: "MIE_.*_END"
----
 Language: Cpp
 DerivePointerAlignment: false
 PointerAlignment: Right
@@ -114,61 +56,5 @@ AttributeMacros:
 ForEachMacros:
   - b_btree_foreach
   - b_queue_foreach
----
-Language: ObjC
-DerivePointerAlignment: false
-PointerAlignment: Right
-ColumnLimit: 80
-AlignAfterOpenBracket: AlwaysBreak
-AlignConsecutiveAssignments: None
-AlignConsecutiveBitFields: None
-AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: None
-AlignConsecutiveMacros: AcrossEmptyLinesAndComments
-AlignEscapedNewlines: Right
-AlignOperands: AlignAfterOperator
-AlignTrailingComments: true
-AllowAllArgumentsOnNextLine: false
-AllowAllConstructorInitializersOnNextLine: false
-AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
-AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Empty
-AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: false
-AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
-AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
-AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: true
-AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: Yes
-BinPackArguments: true
-BinPackParameters: true
-ExperimentalAutoDetectBinPacking: false
-BitFieldColonSpacing: Both
-BreakBeforeBraces: Linux
-BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: All
-BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
-BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma
-BreakInheritanceList: BeforeComma
-BreakStringLiterals: true
-ContinuationIndentWidth: 8
-Cpp11BracedListStyle: true
-IncludeBlocks: Regroup
-SortIncludes: true
-IndentRequires: true
-NamespaceIndentation: Inner
-ReflowComments: true
-SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 3
-TabWidth: 8
-UseTab: AlignWithSpaces
-PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 1000000
-PenaltyExcessCharacter: 5
-PenaltyBreakOpenParenthesis: 5
-PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 5
-PenaltyIndentedWhitespace: 0
-AttributeMacros:
-  - BLUELIB_API
-ForEachMacros:
-  - b_btree_foreach
-  - b_queue_foreach
-MacroBlockBegin: "B_TYPE_.*_BEGIN"
-MacroBlockEnd: "B_TYPE_.*_END"
+MacroBlockBegin: "MIE_.*_BEGIN"
+MacroBlockEnd: "MIE_.*_END"

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
 project(mie C)
 
 if (WIN32)

doc/sample/graph/1.mie

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 select.graph {
-	%entry = +select.entry -> #select.chain
+	%entry = +select.entry -> !select.chain
 
-	%0 = +select.register @0 : i32 -> #select.register
-	%1 = +select.register @1 : i32 -> #select.register
+	%0 = +select.register @0 : i32 -> !select.register
+	%1 = +select.register @1 : i32 -> !select.register
 
 	%v.0, %c.0 = +select.register.read %entry, %0 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register) \
-		-> (i32, #select.chain)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register) \
+		-> (i32, !select.chain)
 
 	%v.1, %c.1 = +select.register.read %entry, %1 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register) \
-		-> (i32, #select.chain)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register) \
+		-> (i32, !select.chain)
 
 	%2 = +select.register @2 : i32
 
 	%v.2, %c.2 = +select.register.read %entry, %2 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register) \
-		-> (#select.register, #select.chain)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register) \
+		-> (!select.register, !select.chain)
 
 	%v.3 = arith.build-pair %v.0, %v.1 : (i32, i32) -> i64
 
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ select.graph {
 
 	%v.5 = arith.mul %v.4, %v.3 : (i32, i32) -> i32
 
-	%x0 = +select.mach-register @x0 : i32 -> #select.register
+	%x0 = +select.mach-register @x0 : i32 -> !select.register
 
 	%c.3, %g.0 = +select.register.write %entry, %x0, %v.5 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register, i32) \
-		-> (#select.chain, #select.glue)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register, i32) \
+		-> (!select.chain, !select.glue)
 
 	%c.4 = *risc-v.RET %c.3, %x0, %g.0 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register, #select.glue) \
-		-> #select.chain
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register, !select.glue) \
+		-> !select.chain
 
-	+select.graph-root %c.4 : #select.chain
+	+select.graph-root %c.4 : !select.chain
 }

doc/sample/graph/2.mie

@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 select.graph {
-	%entry = +select.entry -> #select.chain
+	%entry = +select.entry -> !select.chain
 
 	%N1 = ptr.alloca i32 -> ptr
 
 	%N2 = i32.constant 3 -> i32
 
-	%N3.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N2, %N1 : (#select.chain, i32, ptr) -> #select.chain
+	%N3.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N2, %N1 : (!select.chain, i32, ptr) -> !select.chain
 
 	%N4 = ptr.alloca i32 -> ptr
 
 	%N5 = i32.constant 0 -> i32
 
-	%N6.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N5, %N4 : (#select.chain, i32, ptr) -> #select.chain
+	%N6.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N5, %N4 : (!select.chain, i32, ptr) -> !select.chain
 
-	%N7, %N7.c = +ptr.load %N6.c, %N1 : (#select.chain, ptr) -> (#ivy.id, #select.chain)
+	%N7, %N7.c = +ptr.load %N6.c, %N1 : (!select.chain, ptr) -> (!ivy.id, !select.chain)
 
 	%N8 = i32.constant 10 -> i32
 
-	%N9 = arith.cmp gt %N7, %N8 : (#ivy.id, i32) -> i1
+	%N9 = arith.cmp gt %N7, %N8 : (!ivy.id, i32) -> i1
 
-	%N10.c = +select.chain-group %N7.c, %N6.c : (#select.chain, #select.chain) -> #select.chain
+	%N10.c = +select.chain-group %N7.c, %N6.c : (!select.chain, !select.chain) -> !select.chain
 
-	%N11 = +select.block-ref @if.true -> #select.block
+	%N11 = +select.block-ref @if.true -> !select.block
 
-	%N12.c = +cf.br-cond %N10.c, %N9, %N11 : (#select.chain, i1, #select.block) -> #select.chain
+	%N12.c = +cf.br-cond %N10.c, %N9, %N11 : (!select.chain, i1, !select.block) -> !select.chain
 
-	%N13 = +select.block-ref @if.false -> #select.block
+	%N13 = +select.block-ref @if.false -> !select.block
 
 	%N14.c = cf.br %N12.c, %N13
 

doc/sample/ir/Person.mie

@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ ivy.module {
 	%cout = ivy.global-ref @cout -> ptr
 
 	ivy.class @Person {
-		%self.name = ivy.object-var @name : #ivy.id -> ptr
-		%self.age = ivy.object-var @age : #ivy.id -> ptr
-		%self.val = ivy.object-var @val : #ivy.id -> ptr
-		%self.__example-property-4 = ivy.object-var @val : #ivy.id -> ptr
-		%self.__example-property-5 = ivy.object-var @val : #ivy.id -> ptr
+		%self.name = ivy.object-var @name : !ivy.id -> ptr
+		%self.age = ivy.object-var @age : !ivy.id -> ptr
+		%self.val = ivy.object-var @val : !ivy.id -> ptr
+		%self.__example-property-4 = ivy.object-var @val : !ivy.id -> ptr
+		%self.__example-property-5 = ivy.object-var @val : !ivy.id -> ptr
 
 		ivy.msgh.object init(name:%name, age:%age) -> void {
-			ptr.store %name, %self.name : #ivy.id, ptr
-			ptr.store %age, %self.age : #ivy.id, ptr
+			ptr.store %name, %self.name : !ivy.id, ptr
+			ptr.store %age, %self.age : !ivy.id, ptr
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
@@ -24,41 +24,41 @@ ivy.module {
 			%0 = ivy.string-builder.begin
 
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << "Received "
-			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %data : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %data : !ivy.id
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << ", "
-			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %extra : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %extra : !ivy.id
 
-			%1 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> #ivy.id
+			%1 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> !ivy.id
 
-			%2 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%2 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %2, put:%1 -> void
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
-		ivy.msgh.object name -> #ivy.id {
-			%0 = ptr.load %self.name : ptr -> #ivy.id
-			func.return %0 : #ivy.id
+		ivy.msgh.object name -> !ivy.id {
+			%0 = ptr.load %self.name : ptr -> !ivy.id
+			func.return %0 : !ivy.id
 		}
 
-		ivy.msgh.object age -> #ivy.id {
-			%0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> #ivy.id
-			func.return %0 : #ivy.id
+		ivy.msgh.object age -> !ivy.id {
+			%0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> !ivy.id
+			func.return %0 : !ivy.id
 		}
 
-		ivy.msgh.object age-in-months -> #ivy.id {
-			%0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> #ivy.id
+		ivy.msgh.object age-in-months -> !ivy.id {
+			%0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			%1 = arith.constant 12 : i32
-			%multmp = ivy.mul %0, %1 : (#ivy.id, i32) -> #ivy.id
-			func.return %multmp : #ivy.id
+			%multmp = ivy.mul %0, %1 : (!ivy.id, i32) -> !ivy.id
+			func.return %multmp : !ivy.id
 		}
 
 		ivy.msgh.object set-name:%name -> void {
-			ptr.store %name, %self.name : #ivy.id, ptr
+			ptr.store %name, %self.name : !ivy.id, ptr
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
 		ivy.msgh.object set-age:%age -> void {
-			ptr.store %age, %self.age : #ivy.id, ptr
+			ptr.store %age, %self.age : !ivy.id, ptr
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
@@ -66,28 +66,28 @@ ivy.module {
 			scf.switch : () -> void
 			case {
 				%0 = ivy.atom "years"
-				%cmptmp.0 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %0 : (#ivy.id, #ivy.atom) -> i1
+				%cmptmp.0 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %0 : (!ivy.id, !ivy.atom) -> i1
 				scf.switch-condition %cmptmp.0
 			} then {
-				ptr.store %age, %self.age : #ivy.id, ptr
+				ptr.store %age, %self.age : !ivy.id, ptr
 				scf.switch-break : ()
 			} case {
 				%1 = ivy.atom "months"
-				%cmptmp.1 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %1 : (#ivy.id, #ivy.atom) -> i1
+				%cmptmp.1 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %1 : (!ivy.id, !ivy.atom) -> i1
 				scf.condition %cmptmp.1
 			} then {
 				%d0 = arith.constant 12 : i32
-				%divtmp.0 = ivy.div %age, %d0 : (#ivy.id, i32) -> #ivy.id
-				ptr.store %divtmp.0, %self.age : #ivy.id, ptr
+				%divtmp.0 = ivy.div %age, %d0 : (!ivy.id, i32) -> !ivy.id
+				ptr.store %divtmp.0, %self.age : !ivy.id, ptr
 				scf.switch-break : ()
 			} case {
 				%2 = ivy.atom "days"
-				%cmptmp.2 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %2 : (#ivy.id, #ivy.atom) -> i1
+				%cmptmp.2 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %2 : (!ivy.id, !ivy.atom) -> i1
 				scf.condition %cmptmp.2
 			} then {
 				%d1 = arith.constant 365 : i32
-				%divtmp.1 = ivy.div %age, %d1 : (#ivy.id, i32) -> #ivy.id
-				ptr.store %divtmp.1, %self.age : #ivy.id, ptr
+				%divtmp.1 = ivy.div %age, %d1 : (!ivy.id, i32) -> !ivy.id
+				ptr.store %divtmp.1, %self.age : !ivy.id, ptr
 				scf.switch-break : ()
 			} default {
 				%d2 = arith.constant 0 : i32
@@ -97,56 +97,56 @@ ivy.module {
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
-		ivy.msgh.object get-age-in-units:%units -> #ivy.id {
-			%result = scf.switch : () -> #ivy.id
+		ivy.msgh.object get-age-in-units:%units -> !ivy.id {
+			%result = scf.switch : () -> !ivy.id
 			case {
 				%0 = ivy.atom "years"
-				%cmptmp.0 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %0 : (#ivy.id, #ivy.atom) -> i1
+				%cmptmp.0 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %0 : (!ivy.id, !ivy.atom) -> i1
 				scf.switch-condition %cmptmp.0
 			} then {
-				%v0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> #ivy.id
-				scf.switch-break %v0 : #ivy.id
+				%v0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> !ivy.id
+				scf.switch-break %v0 : !ivy.id
 			} case {
 				%1 = ivy.atom "months"
-				%cmptmp.1 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %1 : (#ivy.id, #ivy.atom) -> i1
+				%cmptmp.1 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %1 : (!ivy.id, !ivy.atom) -> i1
 				scf.condition %cmptmp.1
 			} then {
-				%v0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> #ivy.id
+				%v0 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> !ivy.id
 				%d0 = arith.constant 12 : i32
-				%divtmp.0 = ivy.div %v0, %d0 : (#ivy.id, i32) -> #ivy.id
-				scf.switch-break %divtmp.0 : #ivy.id
+				%divtmp.0 = ivy.div %v0, %d0 : (!ivy.id, i32) -> !ivy.id
+				scf.switch-break %divtmp.0 : !ivy.id
 			} case {
 				%2 = ivy.atom "days"
-				%cmptmp.2 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %2 : (#ivy.id, #ivy.atom) -> i1
+				%cmptmp.2 = ivy.cmp eq %age, %2 : (!ivy.id, !ivy.atom) -> i1
 				scf.condition %cmptmp.2
 			} then {
-				%v1 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> #ivy.id
+				%v1 = ptr.load %self.age : ptr -> !ivy.id
 				%d1 = arith.constant 365 : i32
-				%divtmp.1 = ivy.div %v1, %d1 : (#ivy.id, i32) -> #ivy.id
-				scf.switch-break %divtmp.1 : #ivy.id
+				%divtmp.1 = ivy.div %v1, %d1 : (!ivy.id, i32) -> !ivy.id
+				scf.switch-break %divtmp.1 : !ivy.id
 			} default {
 				%d2 = arith.constant 0 : i32
-				scf.switch-break %d2 : #ivy.id
+				scf.switch-break %d2 : !ivy.id
 			}
 
-			func.return %result : #ivy.id
+			func.return %result : !ivy.id
 		}
 
 		ivy.object-prop example-property
 		get {
-			%0 = ptr.load %self.val : ptr -> #ivy.id
-			func.return %0 : #ivy.id
+			%0 = ptr.load %self.val : ptr -> !ivy.id
+			func.return %0 : !ivy.id
 		}
-		set (%value: #ivy.id) {
-			ptr.store %value, %self.val : #ivy.id, ptr
+		set (%value: !ivy.id) {
+			ptr.store %value, %self.val : !ivy.id, ptr
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
 		ivy.object-prop example-property-2 get {
-			%0 = ptr.load %self.val : ptr -> #ivy.id
-			func.return %0 : #ivy.id
-		} set (%x: #ivy.id) {
-			ptr.store %x, %self.val : #ivy.id, ptr
+			%0 = ptr.load %self.val : ptr -> !ivy.id
+			func.return %0 : !ivy.id
+		} set (%x: !ivy.id) {
+			ptr.store %x, %self.val : !ivy.id, ptr
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
@@ -156,16 +156,16 @@ ivy.module {
 		}
 
 		ivy.object-prop example-property-4 get {
-			%0 = ptr.load %self.__example-property-4 : ptr -> #ivy.id
-			func.return %0 : #ivy.id
-		} set (%0: #ivy.id) {
-			ptr.store %0, %self.__example-property-4 : #ivy.id, ptr
+			%0 = ptr.load %self.__example-property-4 : ptr -> !ivy.id
+			func.return %0 : !ivy.id
+		} set (%0: !ivy.id) {
+			ptr.store %0, %self.__example-property-4 : !ivy.id, ptr
 			func.return : ()
 		}
 
 		ivy.object-prop example-property-5 get {
-			%0 = ptr.load %self.__example-property-5 : ptr -> #ivy.id
-			func.return %0 : #ivy.id
+			%0 = ptr.load %self.__example-property-5 : ptr -> !ivy.id
+			func.return %0 : !ivy.id
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -175,19 +175,19 @@ ivy.module {
 		%0 = ivy.str.constant "John Doe"
 		%1 = arith.constant 34 : i32
 
-		%2 = ivy.msg.send to %Person, new(name:%0, age:%1) -> #ivy.id
+		%2 = ivy.msg.send to %Person, new(name:%0, age:%1) -> !ivy.id
 
-		%p1 = ptr.alloca #ivy.id -> ptr
-		ptr.store %2, %p1 : #ivy.id, ptr
+		%p1 = ptr.alloca !ivy.id -> ptr
+		ptr.store %2, %p1 : !ivy.id, ptr
 
 		; p1 set-age:100 in-unit:$months.
-		%3 = ptr.load %p1 : ptr -> #ivy.id
+		%3 = ptr.load %p1 : ptr -> !ivy.id
 		%4 = arith.constant 100 : i32
 		%5 = ivy.atom "months"
 		ivy.msg.send to %3, set-age:%4 in-units:%5 -> void
 
 		; p1 test(param:'Hello', 'World').
-		%6 = ptr.load %p1 : ptr -> #ivy.id
+		%6 = ptr.load %p1 : ptr -> !ivy.id
 		%7 = ivy.str.constant "Hello"
 		%8 = ivy.str.constant "World"
 		ivy.msg.send to %6, test(param:%7, _:%8) -> void
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ ivy.module {
 			%14 = ptr.load %i : ptr -> i32
 			ivy.string-builder.add %12 << %14 : i32
 
-			%15 = ivy.string-builder.end %12 -> #ivy.id
+			%15 = ivy.string-builder.end %12 -> !ivy.id
 
-			%16 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%16 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %16, put:%15 -> void
 
 			; i += 2
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ ivy.module {
 		%19 = arith.constant 0 : i32
 		%20 = arith.constant 100 : i32
 		%21 = arith.constant 2 : i32
-		%22 = ivy.msg.send to %19, to:%20 step:%21 -> #ivy.id
+		%22 = ivy.msg.send to %19, to:%20 step:%21 -> !ivy.id
 
 		; for x in 0 to:100 step:2 do
 		ivy.for %x in %22 -> void {
@@ -237,12 +237,12 @@ ivy.module {
 
 			; 'Count is {x}'
 			ivy.string-builder.add %23 << "Count is "
-			ivy.string-builder.add %23 << %x : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %23 << %x : !ivy.id
 
-			%25 = ivy.string-builder.end %23 -> #ivy.id
+			%25 = ivy.string-builder.end %23 -> !ivy.id
 
 			; cout put:"Count is {x}"
-			%26 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%26 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %26, put:%25 -> void
 		}
 
@@ -251,16 +251,16 @@ ivy.module {
 		%28 = arith.constant 100 : i32
 		%29 = arith.constant 2 : i32
 		; [ :i | cout put:'Count: {i}' ]
-		%30 = ivy.lambda %i : (#ivy.id) -> void {
+		%30 = ivy.lambda %i : (!ivy.id) -> void {
 			%0 = ivy.string-builder.begin
 
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << "Count is "
-			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %i : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %i : !ivy.id
 
-			%2 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> #ivy.id
+			%2 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> !ivy.id
 
 			%cout = ivy.global-ref @cout -> ptr
-			%3 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%3 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %3, put:%2 -> void
 		}
 
@@ -273,29 +273,29 @@ ivy.module {
 		ptr.store %31, %q : i32, ptr
 
 		; l = [ cout put:'Value of q is {q}' ].
-		%l = ptr.alloca #ivy.id
+		%l = ptr.alloca !ivy.id
 		%32 = ptr.load %q : ptr -> i32
 		%33 = ivy.lambda (%env.q = %32) : () -> void {
 			%0 = ivy.string-builder.begin
 
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << "Value of q is "
-			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %env.q : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %env.q : !ivy.id
 
-			%2 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> #ivy.id
+			%2 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> !ivy.id
 
 			%cout = ivy.global-ref @cout -> ptr
-			%3 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%3 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %3, put:%2 -> void
 		}
 
-		ptr.store %33, %l : #ivy.id, ptr
+		ptr.store %33, %l : !ivy.id, ptr
 
 		; q = 64.
 		%34 = arith.constant 64 : i32
 		ptr.store %34, %q : i32, ptr
 
 		; l call.
-		%35 = ptr.load %l : ptr -> #ivy.id
+		%35 = ptr.load %l : ptr -> !ivy.id
 		ivy.msg.send to %35, call -> void
 
 		%j = ptr.alloca i32 -> ptr
@@ -311,14 +311,14 @@ ivy.module {
 		%39 = ivy.lambda : () -> void {
 			%cout = ivy.global-ref @cout -> ptr
 			%0 = ivy.str.constant "True!"
-			%1 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%1 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %1, put:%0 -> void
 		}
 
 		%40 = ivy.lambda : () -> void {
 			%cout = ivy.global-ref @cout -> ptr
 			%0 = ivy.str.constant "False!"
-			%1 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%1 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %1, put:%0 -> void
 		}
 
@@ -331,53 +331,53 @@ ivy.module {
 
 		scf.if %cmptmp.0 -> void {
 			%43 = ivy.str.constant "True!"
-			%44 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%44 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %44, put:%43 -> void
 		}
 
 		; pkg = {}.
-		%pkg = ptr.alloca #ivy.id -> ptr
+		%pkg = ptr.alloca !ivy.id -> ptr
 
 		%Package = ivy.global-ref @std.lang.Package -> ptr
 
-		%45 = ivy.msg.send to %Package, new -> #ivy.id
-		ptr.store %45, %pkg : #ivy.id, ptr
+		%45 = ivy.msg.send to %Package, new -> !ivy.id
+		ptr.store %45, %pkg : !ivy.id, ptr
 
 		; pkg[0] = 16.
-		%46 = ptr.load %pkg : ptr -> #ivy.id
+		%46 = ptr.load %pkg : ptr -> !ivy.id
 		%47 = arith.constant 0 : i32
 		%48 = arith.constant 16 : i32
 
 		ivy.msg.send to %46, at:%47 put:%48 -> void
 
 		; tuple = (32, 'a string')
-		%tuple = ptr.alloca #ivy.id -> ptr
+		%tuple = ptr.alloca !ivy.id -> ptr
 
 		%49 = arith.constant 32 : i32
 		%50 = ivy.str.constant "a string"
 
-		%51 = ivy.tuple.create %49, %50 : (i32, #ivy.id) -> #ivy.id
+		%51 = ivy.tuple.create %49, %50 : (i32, !ivy.id) -> !ivy.id
 
-		ptr.store %51, %tuple : #ivy.id, ptr
+		ptr.store %51, %tuple : !ivy.id, ptr
 
-		%52 = ptr.load %tuple : ptr -> #ivy.id
-		%53 = ivy.msg.send to %52, get-iterator -> #ivy.id
+		%52 = ptr.load %tuple : ptr -> !ivy.id
+		%53 = ivy.msg.send to %52, get-iterator -> !ivy.id
 
 		ivy.for %54 in %53 -> void {
-			%key = ivy.tuple.get-item %54[0] : (#ivy.id, i32) -> #ivy.id
-			%val = ivy.tuple.get-item %54[1] : (#ivy.id, i32) -> #ivy.id
+			%key = ivy.tuple.get-item %54[0] : (!ivy.id, i32) -> !ivy.id
+			%val = ivy.tuple.get-item %54[1] : (!ivy.id, i32) -> !ivy.id
 
 			; '{key} -> {val}'
 			%55 = ivy.string-builder.begin
 
-			ivy.string-builder.add %55 << %key : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %55 << %key : !ivy.id
 			ivy.string-builder.add %55 << " -> "
-			ivy.string-builder.add %55 << %val : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %55 << %val : !ivy.id
 
-			%57 = ivy.string-builder.end %55 -> #ivy.id
+			%57 = ivy.string-builder.end %55 -> !ivy.id
 
 			; cout put:'{key} -> {val}'
-			%58 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%58 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %58, put:%57 -> void
 		}
 
@@ -387,20 +387,20 @@ ivy.module {
 		%multmp = arith.mul %59, %60 : (i32, i32) -> i32
 
 		; a = (32, 64).
-		%a = ptr.alloca #ivy.id -> ptr
+		%a = ptr.alloca !ivy.id -> ptr
 
 		%61 = arith.constant 32 : i32
 		%62 = arith.constant 64 : i32
-		%63 = ivy.tuple.create %61, %62 : (i32, i32) -> #ivy.id
+		%63 = ivy.tuple.create %61, %62 : (i32, i32) -> !ivy.id
 
-		ptr.store %63, %a : #ivy.id, ptr
+		ptr.store %63, %a : !ivy.id, ptr
 
-		%v = ptr.alloca #ivy.id -> ptr
+		%v = ptr.alloca !ivy.id -> ptr
 
-		%64 = ptr.load %a : ptr -> #ivy.id
-		%65 = ivy.tuple.get-item %64[1] : #ivy.id -> #ivy.id
+		%64 = ptr.load %a : ptr -> !ivy.id
+		%65 = ivy.tuple.get-item %64[1] : !ivy.id -> !ivy.id
 
-		ptr.store %65, %v : #ivy.id, ptr
+		ptr.store %65, %v : !ivy.id, ptr
 
 		%66 = ivy.atom "err:number-format"
 
@@ -413,47 +413,47 @@ ivy.module {
 		}
 
 		%67 = ivy.lambda : () -> void {
-			%v = ptr.alloca #ivy.id -> ptr
+			%v = ptr.alloca !ivy.id -> ptr
 			%Int = ivy.global-ref @Int -> ptr
 			%0 = ivy.str.constant "342"
 
 			%1 = ivy.msg.send to %Int, parse:%0
 
-			ptr.store %1, %v : #ivy.id, ptr
+			ptr.store %1, %v : !ivy.id, ptr
 		}
 
-		%68 = ivy.lambda %err, %data : (#ivy.id, #ivy.id) -> void {
+		%68 = ivy.lambda %err, %data : (!ivy.id, !ivy.id) -> void {
 			%0 = ivy.string-builder.begin
 
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << "Cannot parse integer string ("
-			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %err : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %err : !ivy.id
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << ")"
 
-			%3 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> #ivy.id
+			%3 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> !ivy.id
 
 			; cout put:'{key} -> {val}'
-			%4 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%4 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %4, put:%3 -> void
 		}
 
-		%69 = ivy.lambda %err, %data : (#ivy.id, #ivy.id) -> void {
+		%69 = ivy.lambda %err, %data : (!ivy.id, !ivy.id) -> void {
 			%0 = ivy.string-builder.create
 
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << "Error "
-			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %err : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %err : !ivy.id
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << " occurred ("
-			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %data : #ivy.id
+			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << %data : !ivy.id
 			ivy.string-builder.add %0 << ")"
 
-			%4 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> #ivy.id
+			%4 = ivy.string-builder.end %0 -> !ivy.id
 
 			; cout put:'{key} -> {val}'
-			%5 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> #ivy.id
+			%5 = ptr.load %cout : ptr -> !ivy.id
 			ivy.msg.send to %5, put:%4 -> void
 		}
 
 		%70 = ivy.atom "err:number-format"
-		ivy.msg.send to %67, on:%70 do:%68 -> #ivy.id
+		ivy.msg.send to %67, on:%70 do:%68 -> !ivy.id
 		ivy.msg.send to %67, on-error:%69 -> void
 		ivy.msg.send to %67, call -> void
 	}

doc/sample/ir/parse-test.mie

@@ -1,6 +1,26 @@
-%1, %reg.2, $X0 = ~scf.for(%a, %b) ({
-^b0:
-	~arith.constant() : () -> ()
-^b1:
-	~arith.constant() : () -> ()
-}) {test_attrib = 2 : i32 } : (i8, i1) -> (i32, i32, i32)
+~builtin.module() ({
+	~func.func() ({
+	^entry(%buffer: i32, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: index):
+		; Initial sum set to 0.
+		%sum.0 = ~arith.constant() {value = 0.0 : f32} : () -> f32
+		; iter_args binds initial values to the loop's region arguments.
+		;%sum = "scf.for"(%lb, %ub, %step) -> (f32) {
+		~cf.br() [ ^for.entry:(%lb: index, %sum.0: f32) ] : () -> ()
+
+	^for.entry(%iv: index, %sum.iter: f32):
+		%t, %x, %z = ~memref.load(%buffer, %iv) : (i32, index) -> (f32, i1, i1)
+		%sum.next = ~arith.addf(%sum.iter, %t) : (f32, f32) -> f32
+
+		~cf.br() [ ^for.cond:(%iv: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : () -> ()
+
+	^for.cond(%iv2: index, %sum.next2: f32):
+		; Yield current iteration sum to next iteration %sum.iter or to %sum
+		; if final iteration.
+		%iv.next = ~arith.addi(%iv, %step) : (index, index) -> index
+		%stop = ~arith.cmpi(%iv.next, %ub) { predicate = 9 } : (index, index) -> i1
+		~cf.br-cond(%stop) [ ^for.end, ^for.entry:(%iv.next: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : (i1) -> ()
+
+	^for.end(%sum: f32):
+		~func.return(%sum) : (f32) -> ()
+	}) {sym_name = "reduce", function_type = (i32, index, index, index) -> f32 } : () -> ()
+}) : () -> ()

mie.vim/syntax/mie.vim

@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ syn match	mieBuiltinType		/\<ptr\>/
 syn match	mieBuiltinType		/\<index\>/
 syn match	mieBuiltinType		"\<[if][0-9]\>"
 syn match	mieBuiltinType		"\<[if][1-9][0-9]\+\>"
-syn match	mieDialectType		/#[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\(\.[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\)\+/
+syn match	mieDialectType		/![A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\(\.[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\)\+/
+syn match	mieDialectAttribute	/#[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\(\.[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\)\+/
 
 syn match	mieInstruction		/\*[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\(\.[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\)\+\([>\*]\)\@!\>/
 syn match	mieGenericOperation	/\~[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\(\.[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-]*\)\+\([>\*]\)\@!\>/
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ hi def link	mieBrackets		Delimiter
 hi def link	mieAngleBrackets	StorageClass
 
 hi def link 	mieDialectType		Type
+hi def link 	mieDialectAttribute	@attribute
 
 hi def link 	mieGenericOperation	@function.builtin
 hi def link 	mieGraphOperation	Statement

mie/attribute/attribute-definition.c

@@ -25,3 +25,15 @@ struct mie_attribute_definition *mie_attribute_definition_create(
 
 	return out;
 }
+
+bool mie_attribute_definition_check_name(
+	const struct mie_attribute_definition *def, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *attrib_name)
+{
+	if (!def || !def->a_parent) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return (!strcmp(def->a_name, attrib_name)
+	        && !strcmp(def->a_parent->d_name, dialect_name));
+}

mie/attribute/attribute-map.c

@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ enum mie_status mie_attribute_map_put(
 	struct attribute_map_entry *entry = get_entry(&map->m_entries, name_hash);
 	struct attribute_map_item *item = NULL;
 	struct attribute_map_bucket *bucket = NULL;
+	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
 
 	if (!entry) {
 		item = create_item(name, name_hash, value);
@@ -162,6 +163,17 @@ enum mie_status mie_attribute_map_put(
 
 	if (entry->e_type == ATTRMAP_ENTRY_ITEM) {
 		item = (struct attribute_map_item *)entry;
+		if (!strcmp(item->i_name, name)) {
+			status = MIE_ERR_NAME_EXISTS;
+
+			if (flags & MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE) {
+				item->i_value = value;
+				status = MIE_SUCCESS;
+			}
+
+			return status;
+		}
+
 		bucket = convert_item_to_bucket(map, item);
 	} else {
 		bucket = (struct attribute_map_bucket *)entry;

mie/attribute/attribute.c

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute.h>
+
+bool mie_attribute_check_name(
+	const struct mie_attribute *attrib, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *attrib_name)
+{
+	if (!attrib || !attrib->a_def) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return mie_attribute_definition_check_name(
+		attrib->a_def, dialect_name, attrib_name);
+}

mie/ctx.c

@@ -4,12 +4,17 @@
 #include <blue/ds/string.h>
 #include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/index.h>
 #include <mie/interface/interface-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/pass/pass-definition.h>
+#include <mie/pass/pass.h>
 #include <mie/trait/trait-definition.h>
 #include <mie/trait/trait.h>
 #include <mie/type/function.h>
@@ -35,6 +40,10 @@
 	MIE_ID(0xc6, 0x94, 0x38, 0x34, 0xdb, 0x08, 0x45, 0xc7, 0xb9, 0x89,     \
 	       0x69, 0x82, 0x7a, 0x9d, 0x42, 0xd8)
 
+#define PASS_NS_ID                                                             \
+	MIE_ID(0x76, 0xfc, 0xdd, 0xb5, 0xc0, 0x20, 0x47, 0x13, 0x8d, 0xfa,     \
+	       0x3f, 0x28, 0x2f, 0x81, 0x6d, 0x7d)
+
 struct mie_ctx *mie_ctx_create(void)
 {
 	struct mie_ctx *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
@@ -57,15 +66,35 @@ struct mie_ctx *mie_ctx_create(void)
 	mie_id attributes_ns = ATTRIBUTE_NS_ID;
 	mie_id_map_init(&out->ctx_attributes, &attributes_ns);
 
+	mie_id pass_ns = PASS_NS_ID;
+	mie_id_map_init(&out->ctx_passes, &pass_ns);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_ctx_create_op(
+	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect, const char *op)
+{
+	const struct mie_op_definition *def
+		= mie_ctx_get_op_definition(ctx, dialect, op);
+	if (!def) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op *out = mie_op_create();
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	out->op_flags |= MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED;
+	out->op_info = def;
+
 	return out;
 }
 
 bool mie_ctx_resolve_op(const struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *op)
 {
-	bool fully_resolved = MIE_TEST_FLAGS(
-		op->op_flags, MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED | MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED);
-
-	if (fully_resolved) {
+	if (op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
 		return true;
 	}
 
@@ -95,11 +124,10 @@ bool mie_ctx_resolve_op(const struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *op)
 
 	const struct mie_op_definition *op_info
 		= mie_dialect_get_op(dialect, op_name);
-	if (!op) {
+	if (!op_info) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	op->op_dialect = dialect;
 	op->op_info = op_info;
 
 	free(op->op_name);
@@ -120,6 +148,27 @@ struct mie_dialect *mie_ctx_get_dialect(const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *n
 	return b_unbox(struct mie_dialect, target, d_id);
 }
 
+const struct mie_op_definition *mie_ctx_get_op_definition(
+	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name)
+{
+	b_rope dialect_name_rope = B_ROPE_CSTR(dialect_name);
+	mie_id id;
+	mie_id_init_ns(
+		&id, mie_id_map_get_ns(&ctx->ctx_dialects), &dialect_name_rope);
+
+	mie_id *target = mie_id_map_get(&ctx->ctx_dialects, &id);
+	struct mie_dialect *dialect = b_unbox(struct mie_dialect, target, d_id);
+	if (!dialect) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_rope op_name_rope = B_ROPE_CSTR(op_name);
+	mie_id_init_ns(&id, mie_id_map_get_ns(&dialect->d_ops), &op_name_rope);
+	target = mie_id_map_get(&dialect->d_ops, &id);
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op_definition, target, op_id);
+}
+
 struct mie_type_definition *mie_ctx_get_type_definition(
 	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect_name, const char *type_name)
 {
@@ -246,7 +295,7 @@ struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_type(
 	memset(type, 0x0, sizeof *type);
 
 	type->ty_def = type_info;
-	type->ty_name = b_bstr_fmt("%s.%s", dialect_name, type_name);
+	type->ty_name = b_bstr_fmt(NULL, "%s.%s", dialect_name, type_name);
 
 	if (type_info->ty_init) {
 		type_info->ty_init(type_info, type);
@@ -293,7 +342,7 @@ const struct mie_trait *mie_ctx_get_trait(
 	memset(trait, 0x0, sizeof trait_info->tr_data_size);
 
 	trait->tr_def = trait_info;
-	trait->tr_name = b_bstr_fmt("%s.%s", dialect_name, trait_name);
+	trait->tr_name = b_bstr_fmt(NULL, "%s.%s", dialect_name, trait_name);
 
 	if (trait_info->tr_init) {
 		trait_info->tr_init(trait_info, trait);
@@ -358,3 +407,121 @@ struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_function_type(
 	mie_id_map_put_id(&ctx->ctx_types, &new_type->func_base.ty_id);
 	return (struct mie_type *)new_type;
 }
+
+enum mie_status mie_ctx_register_pass(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_pass_definition *pass)
+{
+	if (pass->p_data_size < sizeof(struct mie_pass)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	switch (pass->p_type) {
+	case MIE_PASS_ANALYSE:
+	case MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM:
+		break;
+	default:
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	mie_id id;
+	struct mie_id_builder id_builder;
+	mie_id_builder_begin(&id_builder, mie_id_map_get_ns(&ctx->ctx_passes));
+	mie_id_builder_add_cstr(&id_builder, pass->p_name);
+	mie_id_builder_end(&id_builder, &id);
+
+	mie_id *target = mie_id_map_get(&ctx->ctx_passes, &id);
+	if (target) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NAME_EXISTS;
+	}
+
+	pass->p_id = id;
+	mie_id_map_put_id(&ctx->ctx_passes, &pass->p_id);
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_ctx_get_pass(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_attribute_map *args, struct mie_pass **out)
+{
+	mie_id id;
+	struct mie_id_builder id_builder;
+	mie_id_builder_begin(&id_builder, mie_id_map_get_ns(&ctx->ctx_passes));
+	mie_id_builder_add_cstr(&id_builder, name);
+	mie_id_builder_end(&id_builder, &id);
+
+	mie_id *target = mie_id_map_get(&ctx->ctx_passes, &id);
+	if (!target) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_ENTRY;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_pass_definition *pass_def
+		= b_unbox(struct mie_pass_definition, target, p_id);
+
+	if (pass_def->p_data_size < sizeof(struct mie_pass)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_pass *pass = malloc(pass_def->p_data_size);
+	if (!pass) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	memset(pass, 0x0, pass_def->p_data_size);
+
+	pass->p_def = pass_def;
+
+	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
+	if (pass_def->p_init) {
+		status = pass_def->p_init(pass, args);
+	}
+
+	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		free(pass);
+		pass = NULL;
+	}
+
+	*out = pass;
+	return status;
+}
+
+struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_push_diag(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_line_source *src,
+	const struct mie_file_cell *loc, const char *dialect_name,
+	unsigned long diag_class)
+{
+	struct mie_diag *diag = malloc(sizeof *diag);
+	if (!diag) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_dialect *dialect = mie_ctx_get_dialect(ctx, dialect_name);
+	if (!dialect) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (diag_class >= dialect->d_nr_diag_classes) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(diag, 0x0, sizeof *diag);
+
+	diag->diag_src = src;
+	diag->diag_loc = *loc;
+	diag->diag_parent = dialect;
+	diag->diag_class = &dialect->d_diag_classes[diag_class];
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&ctx->ctx_diag, &diag->diag_entry);
+
+	return diag;
+}
+
+struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_pop_diag(struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_pop_front(&ctx->ctx_diag);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_diag, entry, diag_entry);
+}

mie/diag/diag.c

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#include <blue/ds/string.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/amendment.h>
+#include <mie/diag/component.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+struct mie_diag_c_msg *diag_msg_create(const struct mie_diag_msg *content)
+{
+	struct mie_diag_c_msg *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+
+	out->msg_base.c_type = MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_MSG;
+	out->msg_content = b_strdup(content->msg_content);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+struct mie_diag_c_snippet *diag_snippet_create(
+	unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendments, size_t nr_amendments,
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *highlights, size_t nr_highlights)
+{
+	struct mie_diag_c_snippet *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+
+	out->s_base.c_type = MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_SNIPPET;
+	out->s_first_line = first_line;
+	out->s_last_line = last_line;
+
+	out->s_nr_amendments = nr_amendments;
+	out->s_amendments = calloc(nr_amendments, sizeof *amendments);
+	if (!out->s_amendments) {
+		free(out);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	memcpy(out->s_amendments, amendments, nr_amendments * sizeof *amendments);
+
+	out->s_nr_highlights = nr_highlights;
+	out->s_highlights = calloc(nr_highlights, sizeof *highlights);
+	if (!out->s_highlights) {
+		free(out->s_amendments);
+		free(out);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	memcpy(out->s_highlights, highlights, nr_highlights * sizeof *highlights);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+void mie_diag_set_location(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long row, unsigned long col)
+{
+	diag->diag_loc.c_row = row;
+	diag->diag_loc.c_row = col;
+}
+
+void mie_diag_push_msg(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect_name,
+	unsigned long msg, ...)
+{
+	struct mie_dialect *dialect = mie_ctx_get_dialect(ctx, dialect_name);
+	if (!dialect) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (msg >= dialect->d_nr_diag_msgs) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_diag_msg *msg_info = &dialect->d_diag_msgs[msg];
+
+	struct mie_diag_c_msg *c_msg = diag_msg_create(msg_info);
+	if (!c_msg) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&diag->diag_components, &c_msg->msg_base.c_entry);
+}
+
+void mie_diag_push_snippet(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendments, size_t nr_amendments,
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *highlights, size_t nr_highlights)
+{
+	struct mie_diag_c_snippet *c_snippet = diag_snippet_create(
+		first_line, last_line, amendments, nr_amendments, highlights,
+		nr_highlights);
+	if (!c_snippet) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&diag->diag_components, &c_snippet->s_base.c_entry);
+}

mie/diag/diag.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#ifndef _DIAG_DIAG_H_
+#define _DIAG_DIAG_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+
+#endif

mie/dialect/arith/arith.c

@@ -5,5 +5,7 @@
 
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_arith, struct mie_dialect, "arith")
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_arith_addi);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_arith_cmpi);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_arith_addf);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_arith_constant);
 MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/arith/op/addf.c

@@ -1,9 +1,25 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) != 2) {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_arg *left = &op->op_args.items[0];
+	const struct mie_op_arg *right = &op->op_args.items[1];
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, left, false);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, right, false);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_type(printer, mie_op_arg_get_type(left));
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/arith/op/addi.c

@@ -1,9 +1,29 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) != 2) {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_arg *left = &op->op_args.items[0];
+	const struct mie_op_arg *right = &op->op_args.items[1];
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, left, false);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, right, false);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_type(printer, mie_op_arg_get_type(left));
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -12,6 +32,22 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_register *mie_arith_addi_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
+	struct mie_register *right, const char *name)
+{
+	struct mie_register *args[] = {left, right};
+	const size_t nr_args = sizeof args / sizeof args[0];
+
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "arith", "addi", args, nr_args);
+	const struct mie_type *ty = left->reg_type;
+
+	struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, ty);
+	mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_arith_addi, "addi")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/arith/op/cmpi.c

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) != 2
+	    || MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) != 1) {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_arg *left = &op->op_args.items[0];
+	const struct mie_op_arg *right = &op->op_args.items[1];
+	const struct mie_register *result = &op->op_result.items[0];
+	const struct mie_attribute *pred_attr
+		= mie_attribute_map_get(&op->op_attrib, "predicate");
+	long long pred;
+	if (!mie_int_get_value(pred_attr, &pred)) {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+
+	switch (pred) {
+	case 0:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "eq", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ne", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "slt", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 3:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "sle", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 4:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "sgt", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 5:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "sge", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 6:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ult", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 7:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ule", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 8:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ugt", NULL);
+		break;
+	case 9:
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "uge", NULL);
+		break;
+	default:
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, left, false);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, right, false);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_type(printer, mie_op_arg_get_type(left));
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_arith_cmpi, "cmpi")
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/arith/op/constant.c

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	const struct mie_attribute *value
+		= mie_attribute_map_get(&op->op_attrib, "value");
+	if (!value) {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+	if (mie_attribute_check_name(value, "builtin", "int")) {
+		const struct mie_int *i = (const struct mie_int *)value;
+		b_stream_write_fmt(
+			printer->p_stream, NULL, " %lld : ", i->i_val.v_small);
+		type = i->i_type;
+	} else if (mie_attribute_check_name(value, "builtin", "float")) {
+		const struct mie_float *f = (const struct mie_float *)value;
+		double d;
+		mie_float_get_value(value, &d);
+		b_stream_write_fmt(printer->p_stream, NULL, " %g : ", d);
+		type = f->f_type;
+	} else {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	mie_printer_print_type(printer, type);
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_i_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "arith", "constant", NULL, 0);
+	const struct mie_type *ty
+		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), 32);
+	struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, ty);
+
+	mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
+
+	struct mie_attribute *val
+		= mie_ctx_get_int(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), value, 32);
+	mie_attribute_map_put(&op->op_attrib, "value", val, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_f_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "arith", "constant", NULL, 0);
+	const struct mie_type *ty
+		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), 32);
+	struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, ty);
+
+	mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
+
+	struct mie_attribute *val
+		= mie_ctx_get_float(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), value, 32);
+	mie_attribute_map_put(&op->op_attrib, "value", val, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_arith_constant, "constant")
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/array.c

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+
+static enum mie_status print(
+	const struct mie_attribute *value, struct mie_printer *out)
+{
+	const struct mie_array *array = (const struct mie_array *)value;
+
+	if (!(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED)) {
+		b_stream_write_string(out->p_stream, "#builtin.array<", NULL);
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, '[');
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(array->a_items); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, ',');
+		}
+
+		b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, ' ');
+		mie_printer_print_attribute(out, array->a_items.items[i]);
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(array->a_items) != 0) {
+		b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, ' ');
+	}
+	b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, ']');
+
+	if (!(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED)) {
+		b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, '>');
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static struct mie_array *array_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct mie_array *array = malloc(sizeof *array);
+	if (!array) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(array, 0x0, sizeof *array);
+
+	array->a_base.a_def
+		= mie_ctx_get_attribute_definition(ctx, "builtin", "array");
+
+	return array;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, const struct mie_attribute **out)
+{
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACKET)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_array *array = array_create(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(ctx));
+	if (!array) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_attribute *item = NULL;
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_attribute(ctx, &item)) {
+		free(array);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_FORMAT;
+	}
+
+	mie_vector_push_back(array->a_items, &item, NULL);
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_BRACKET)) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_COMMA)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_attribute(ctx, &item)) {
+			free(array);
+			return MIE_ERR_BAD_FORMAT;
+		}
+
+		mie_vector_push_back(array->a_items, &item, NULL);
+	}
+
+	*out = (struct mie_attribute *)array;
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_builtin_array, "array")
+	MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(struct mie_array);
+	MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/float.c

@@ -51,30 +51,52 @@ static enum mie_status parse(
 	struct mie_file_span span;
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_float(ctx, &value, &span)) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
 	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, &type)) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
 	size_t width = mie_float_type_get_width(type);
 	if (width == (size_t)-1) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
 	struct mie_attribute *v
 		= mie_ctx_get_float(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(ctx), value, width);
 	if (!v) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
 	}
 
 	*out = v;
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+bool mie_float_get_value(const struct mie_attribute *attrib, double *out)
+{
+	if (!mie_attribute_check_name(attrib, "builtin", "float")) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_float *v = (const struct mie_float *)attrib;
+
+	switch (mie_float_type_get_width(v->f_type)) {
+	case MIE_FLOAT_32:
+		*out = v->f_val.v_32;
+		break;
+	case MIE_FLOAT_64:
+		*out = v->f_val.v_64;
+		break;
+	default:
+		return false;
+	}
+
 	return true;
 }
 

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/int.c

@@ -15,20 +15,34 @@ static enum mie_status print(
 {
 	const struct mie_int *int_val = (const struct mie_int *)value;
 	const struct int_type *int_ty = (const struct int_type *)int_val->i_type;
-	if (!(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED)) {
+	bool abbrev = ((out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED) != 0);
+
+	if (!abbrev) {
 		b_stream_write_string(out->p_stream, "#builtin.int<", NULL);
 	}
 
 	if (int_ty->i_width <= 64) {
 		b_stream_write_fmt(
-			out->p_stream, NULL, "%zu : i%zu",
-			int_val->i_val.v_small, int_ty->i_width);
+			out->p_stream, NULL, "%zu", int_val->i_val.v_small,
+			int_ty->i_width);
 	} else {
-		b_stream_write_fmt(
-			out->p_stream, NULL, "INF : i%zu", int_ty->i_width);
+		b_stream_write_fmt(out->p_stream, NULL, "INF", int_ty->i_width);
 	}
 
-	if (!(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED)) {
+	if (int_ty->i_width != 64 || !abbrev) {
+		b_stream_write_string(out->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+
+		if (abbrev) {
+			b_stream_write_fmt(
+				out->p_stream, NULL, "i%zu", int_ty->i_width);
+		} else {
+			b_stream_write_fmt(
+				out->p_stream, NULL, "!builtin.int<%zu>",
+				int_ty->i_width);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!abbrev) {
 		b_stream_write_string(out->p_stream, ">", NULL);
 	}
 
@@ -42,30 +56,43 @@ static enum mie_status parse(
 	struct mie_file_span span;
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_int(ctx, &value, &span)) {
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
 	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
-	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, &type)) {
+	size_t width = (size_t)-1;
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		width = 64;
+	} else if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, &type)) {
 		return false;
+	} else {
+		width = mie_int_type_get_width(type);
 	}
 
-	size_t width = mie_int_type_get_width(type);
 	if (width == (size_t)-1) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
 	struct mie_attribute *v
 		= mie_ctx_get_int(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(ctx), value, width);
 	if (!v) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
 	}
 
 	*out = v;
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+bool mie_int_get_value(const struct mie_attribute *attrib, long long *out)
+{
+	if (!mie_attribute_check_name(attrib, "builtin", "int")) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_int *v = (const struct mie_int *)attrib;
+	*out = v->i_val.v_small;
+
 	return true;
 }
 

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/string.c

@@ -26,18 +26,28 @@ static enum mie_status parse(
 	b_string *str = mie_parser_get_tempstr(ctx);
 	struct mie_file_span span;
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_string(ctx, str, &span)) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
 	struct mie_attribute *v = mie_ctx_get_string(
 		mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(ctx), b_string_ptr(str));
 
 	if (!v) {
-		return false;
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
 	}
 
 	*out = v;
-	return true;
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+const char *mie_string_get_cstr(const struct mie_attribute *attrib)
+{
+	if (!mie_attribute_check_name(attrib, "builtin", "string")) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_string *str = (const struct mie_string *)attrib;
+	return str->str_val;
 }
 
 MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_builtin_string, "string")

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/type.c

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+
+struct mie_attribute *mie_type_attr_create(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const struct mie_type *ty)
+{
+	struct mie_type_attr *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+
+	out->ty_base.a_def
+		= mie_ctx_get_attribute_definition(ctx, "builtin", "type");
+	out->ty_value = ty;
+
+	return (struct mie_attribute *)out;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status print(
+	const struct mie_attribute *value, struct mie_printer *out)
+{
+	const struct mie_type_attr *ty = (const struct mie_type_attr *)value;
+
+	if (!(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED)) {
+		b_stream_write_string(out->p_stream, "#builtin.type<", NULL);
+	}
+
+	mie_printer_print_type(out, ty->ty_value);
+
+	if (!(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED)) {
+		b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, '>');
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, const struct mie_attribute **out)
+{
+	struct mie_type_attr *ty = (struct mie_type_attr *)mie_type_attr_create(
+		mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(ctx), NULL);
+	if (!ty) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, &type)) {
+		free(ty);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_FORMAT;
+	}
+
+	ty->ty_value = type;
+
+	*out = (struct mie_attribute *)ty;
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+const struct mie_type *mie_type_attr_get_type(const struct mie_attribute *attrib)
+{
+	if (!mie_attribute_check_name(attrib, "builtin", "type")) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type_attr *ty = (const struct mie_type_attr *)attrib;
+	return ty->ty_value;
+}
+
+MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_builtin_type, "type")
+	MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(struct mie_type_attr);
+	MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/builtin/builtin.c

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
@@ -81,17 +83,25 @@ struct mie_attribute *mie_ctx_get_index(struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t val)
 		dialect->ctx_indices, ctx, val);
 }
 
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_EXTERN(mie_builtin_diag);
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_EXTERN(mie_builtin_msg);
+
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_builtin, struct builtin_dialect, "builtin")
 	MIE_DIALECT_INIT(init);
 	MIE_DIALECT_CLEANUP(cleanup);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_string);
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_CLASS_LIST(mie_builtin_diag);
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_MSG_LIST(mie_builtin_msg);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_isolated_from_above);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_symbol_table);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_int);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_float);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_index);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_string);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_string);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_int);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_float);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_isolated_from_above);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_symbol_table);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_type);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_string);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(mie_builtin_symbol);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_array);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_builtin_module);
 MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/builtin/diag.c

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX MIE_BUILTIN_E
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX   MIE_BUILTIN_MSG
+
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_BEGIN(mie_builtin_diag)
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN, ERROR, "Unrecognised token")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRESOLVED_VALUE, ERROR, "Unresolved value")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR, ERROR, "Unresolved successor")
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_END(mie_builtin_diag)
+
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(mie_builtin_msg)
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN, "encountered an unrecognised token.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(UNRESOLVED_VALUE, "cannot resolve this value reference.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK,
+		"cannot find a block with this name in this region.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_IN_NON_DOMINANT_BLOCK,
+		"this value cannot be referenced here, as it is defined in a "
+		"block that does not dominate this block.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_AFTER_USE,
+		"this value cannot be referenced here, as it is not defined "
+		"until later in this block.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_OUTSIDE_ISOLATED_REGION,
+		"this value cannot be referenced here, as this region is "
+		"isolated from above, and the definition for this value is "
+		"outside of this region.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_IN_BLOCK, "the value is defined in this block.")
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_END(mie_builtin_msg)

mie/dialect/builtin/op/module.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *out, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, ' ');
+
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	if (region) {
+		mie_printer_print_region(out, region, 0);
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_builtin_module, "module")
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT("builtin", "isolated-from-above");
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/builtin/type/float.c

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_float_type(struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t bit_width)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	type->f_base.ty_name = b_bstr_fmt("builtin.float<%zu>", bit_width);
+	type->f_base.ty_name = b_bstr_fmt(NULL, "builtin.float<%zu>", bit_width);
 	type->f_base.ty_instance_size = sizeof(struct mie_float);
 	type->f_width = bit_width;
 

mie/dialect/builtin/type/index.c

@@ -15,17 +15,7 @@ static void type_init(
 	type->ty_instance_size = sizeof(struct mie_index);
 }
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_type *ty, struct mie_printer *out)
-{
-	b_stream_write_string(
-		out->p_stream,
-		(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED) ? "index" : "!builtin.index",
-		NULL);
-	return MIE_SUCCESS;
-}
-
 MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_builtin_index, "index")
 	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(struct index_type);
 	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(type_init);
-	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/builtin/type/int.c

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_int_type(struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t bit_width)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	type->i_base.ty_name = b_bstr_fmt("builtin.int<%zu>", bit_width);
+	type->i_base.ty_name = b_bstr_fmt(NULL, "builtin.int<%zu>", bit_width);
 	type->i_base.ty_instance_size = sizeof(struct mie_int);
 	type->i_width = bit_width;
 

mie/dialect/builtin/type/string.c

@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ static void type_init(
 
 static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_type *ty, struct mie_printer *out)
 {
+	b_stream_write_string(
+		out->p_stream,
+		(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED) ? "str" : "!builtin.string",
+		NULL);
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/cf/op/br-cond.c

@@ -1,9 +1,31 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) != 1) {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors) != 2) {
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_arg *cond = &op->op_args.items[0];
+	const struct mie_op_successor *if_true = &op->op_successors.items[0];
+	const struct mie_op_successor *if_false = &op->op_successors.items[1];
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, cond, false);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_successor(printer, if_true, true);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_successor(printer, if_false, true);
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -12,6 +34,23 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_cond_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	struct mie_block *true_block, struct mie_register **true_args,
+	size_t nr_true_args, struct mie_block *false_block,
+	struct mie_register **false_args, size_t nr_false_args)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "cf", "br-cond", &cond, 1);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	mie_op_add_successor(op, true_block, true_args, nr_true_args);
+	mie_op_add_successor(op, false_block, false_args, nr_false_args);
+
+	return op;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_cf_br_cond, "br-cond")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/cf/op/br.c

@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	const struct mie_op_successor *successor = &op->op_successors.items[0];
+
+	mie_printer_print_op_successor(printer, successor, true);
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -12,6 +21,21 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_block *dest,
+	struct mie_register **dest_args, size_t nr_dest_args)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "cf", "br", NULL, 0);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op_successor *s
+		= mie_op_add_successor(op, dest, dest_args, nr_dest_args);
+
+	return op;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_cf_br, "br")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/func/func.c

@@ -3,5 +3,7 @@
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_func, struct mie_dialect, "func")
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_func_function_like);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_func_func);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_func_return);
 MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/func/op/func.c

@@ -1,13 +1,71 @@
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-map.h>
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/func.h>
 #include <mie/interface/interface-definition.h>
 #include <mie/interface/interface.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/function.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	const struct mie_attribute *sym_name
+		= mie_attribute_map_get(&op->op_attrib, "sym_name");
+	const struct mie_attribute *function_type_attr
+		= mie_attribute_map_get(&op->op_attrib, "function_type");
+	const char *sym_name_cstr = mie_string_get_cstr(sym_name);
+	const struct mie_type *function_type_g
+		= mie_type_attr_get_type(function_type_attr);
+	const struct mie_function_type *function_ty
+		= (const struct mie_function_type *)function_type_g;
+
+	b_stream_write_fmt(printer->p_stream, NULL, " @%s(", sym_name_cstr);
+
+	const struct mie_region *code = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	const struct mie_block *entry = mie_region_get_first_block(code);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(entry->b_params); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		const struct mie_register *param = &entry->b_params.items[i];
+
+		mie_printer_print_register(printer, param, MIE_PRINT_F_INCLUDE_TYPE);
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ") -> ", NULL);
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(function_ty->func_out) != 1) {
+		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '(');
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(function_ty->func_out); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		const struct mie_type *ty = function_ty->func_out.items[i];
+
+		mie_printer_print_type(printer, ty);
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(function_ty->func_out) != 1) {
+		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ')');
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+
+	mie_printer_print_region(
+		printer, code, MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_FIRST_BLOCK_HEADER);
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -16,9 +74,63 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_func_func_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, const char *name, struct mie_func_parameter *params,
+	size_t nr_params, const struct mie_type **ret_types, size_t nr_ret_types)
+{
+	const struct mie_type **param_types
+		= calloc(nr_params, sizeof *param_types);
+	if (!param_types) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_params; i++) {
+		param_types[i] = params[i].param_type;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *func_type = mie_ctx_get_function_type(
+		mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), param_types, nr_params, ret_types,
+		nr_ret_types);
+	free(param_types);
+
+	if (!func_type) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "func", "func", NULL, 0);
+
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_add_region(op);
+	struct mie_block *entry = mie_region_add_block(region);
+	mie_name_map_put(region->r_names, &entry->b_name, "entry", 0);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_params; i++) {
+		struct mie_register *param_reg = mie_block_add_param(entry);
+		mie_name_map_put(
+			region->r_names, &param_reg->reg_name,
+			params[i].param_name, 0);
+		param_reg->reg_type = params[i].param_type;
+		params[i].param_reg = param_reg;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_attribute *sym_name
+		= mie_ctx_get_string(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), name);
+	struct mie_attribute *function_type
+		= mie_type_attr_create(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), func_type);
+
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&op->op_attrib, "sym_name", sym_name, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&op->op_attrib, "function_type", function_type,
+		MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
+	return op;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_func_func, "func")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT("builtin", "isolated-from-above");
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT("func", "function-like");
 	MIE_OP_INTERFACE_BEGIN("builtin", "symbol", struct mie_symbol)
 		MIE_OP_INTERFACE_FUNC(sym_get_name) = NULL;
 	MIE_OP_INTERFACE_END()

mie/dialect/func/op/return.c

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-map.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/interface/interface-definition.h>
+#include <mie/interface/interface.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/function.h>
+
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, &op->op_args.items[i], false);
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_type(
+			printer, mie_op_arg_get_type(&op->op_args.items[i]));
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_func_return, "return")
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/func/trait/function-like.c

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait-definition.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait.h>
+
+static enum mie_status validate(
+	const struct mie_trait_definition *trait_def,
+	const struct mie_trait *trait, const struct mie_trait_target *target)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* func.function-like trait:
+ * the op behaves like a func.func. this means that it:
+ *   a) has a single region
+ *   b) that region has one or more blocks representing the body of a function.
+ *   c) the op has sym_name, function_type, and other function-related attributes.
+ */
+MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_func_function_like, "function-like")
+	MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_TARGETS(MIE_TRAIT_TARGET_OP);
+	MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_STRUCT(struct mie_trait);
+	MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_VALIDATE(validate);
+MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/memref/memref.c

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
+
+MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_memref, struct mie_dialect, "memref")
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_memref_memref);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_memref_load);
+MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/memref/op/load.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_memref_load, "load")
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/memref/type/memref.c

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
+
+enum memref_rank_type {
+	MEMREF_RANK_UNKNOWN = 0,
+	MEMREF_RANK_STATIC,
+	MEMREF_RANK_TYPE,
+};
+
+struct memref_rank {
+	enum memref_rank_type r_ranktype;
+	union {
+		size_t r_static;
+		const struct mie_type *r_type;
+	};
+};
+
+struct memref_type {
+	struct mie_type m_base;
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct memref_rank, m_rank);
+};
+
+static void type_init(
+	const struct mie_type_definition *type_info, struct mie_type *type)
+{
+}
+
+static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_type *ty, struct mie_printer *out)
+{
+	b_stream_write_string(
+		out->p_stream,
+		(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED) ? "memref" : "memref.memref",
+		NULL);
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, const struct mie_type **out)
+{
+	printf("Parse memref!\n");
+
+	return MIE_ERR_BAD_FORMAT;
+}
+
+MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_memref_memref, "memref")
+	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(type_init);
+	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/meta/op/source-filename.c

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/ptr/op/load.c

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/ptr/op/store.c

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/scf/op/for.c

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/scf/op/if.c

@@ -1,9 +1,48 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, &op->op_args.items[0], false);
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 0) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " -> ", NULL);
+
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 1) {
+			b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '(');
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_type(printer, op->op_result.items[i].reg_type);
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 1) {
+		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '(');
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+
+	struct mie_region *if_region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	struct mie_region *else_region = mie_op_get_next_region(op, if_region);
+
+	mie_printer_print_region(printer, if_region, 0);
+
+	if (else_region) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " else ", NULL);
+		mie_printer_print_region(printer, else_region, 0);
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -12,6 +51,35 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_scf_if_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	const struct mie_type *result_type, struct mie_region **out_true,
+	struct mie_region **out_false, const char *name)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "scf", "if", &cond, 1);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (result_type) {
+		struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, result_type);
+		mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
+	}
+
+	struct mie_region *r_true = mie_op_add_region(op);
+	struct mie_region *r_false = mie_op_add_region(op);
+
+	if (out_true) {
+		*out_true = r_true;
+	}
+
+	if (out_false) {
+		*out_false = r_false;
+	}
+
+	return op;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_scf_if, "if")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/scf/op/yield.c

@@ -1,9 +1,32 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, &op->op_args.items[i], false);
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_type(
+			printer, mie_op_arg_get_type(&op->op_args.items[i]));
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -12,6 +35,11 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_scf_yield_put(struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *value)
+{
+	return mie_emitter_put_op(e, "scf", "yield", &value, 1);
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_scf_yield, "yield")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/select/op/graph.c

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 #include <mie/trait/trait.h>
 
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_op *op, b_stream *out)
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/id.c

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ void mie_id_to_string(const mie_id *id, char *out, size_t max)
 			b_bstr_write_char(&str, '-');
 		}
 
-		b_bstr_write_fmt(&str, "%02x", id->id_bytes[i]);
+		b_bstr_write_fmt(&str, NULL, "%02x", id->id_bytes[i]);
 	}
 }
 

mie/include/mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h

@@ -26,4 +26,8 @@ struct mie_attribute_definition {
 MIE_API struct mie_attribute_definition *mie_attribute_definition_create(
 	struct mie_dialect *parent, const char *name);
 
+MIE_API bool mie_attribute_definition_check_name(
+	const struct mie_attribute_definition *def, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *attrib_name);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/attribute/attribute.h

@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 #ifndef MIE_ATTRIBUTE_ATTRIBUTE_H_
 #define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_ATTRIBUTE_H_
 
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
 struct mie_attribute_definition;
 
 struct mie_attribute {
 	const struct mie_attribute_definition *a_def;
 };
 
+MIE_API bool mie_attribute_check_name(
+	const struct mie_attribute *attrib, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *attrib_name);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ctx.h

@@ -6,10 +6,15 @@
 #include <mie/id.h>
 
 struct mie_op;
+struct mie_pass;
+struct mie_diag;
+struct mie_file_cell;
 struct mie_int_cache;
+struct mie_line_source;
 struct mie_index_cache;
 struct mie_string_cache;
-;
+struct mie_attribute_map;
+struct mie_pass_definition;
 
 struct mie_ctx {
 #if 0
@@ -27,17 +32,24 @@ struct mie_ctx {
 	struct mie_id_map ctx_traits;
 	/* map of struct mie_attribute */
 	struct mie_id_map ctx_attributes;
+	/* map of struct mie_pass_definition */
+	struct mie_id_map ctx_passes;
+	/* queue of struct mie_diag */
+	b_queue ctx_diag;
 };
 
 MIE_API struct mie_ctx *mie_ctx_create(void);
 MIE_API void mie_ctx_destroy(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
-MIE_API bool mie_ctx_resolve_op(const struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_ctx_create_op(
+	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect, const char *op);
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_ctx_get_dialect(
 	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *name);
 MIE_API struct mie_type_definition *mie_ctx_get_type_definition(
 	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect_name, const char *type_name);
+MIE_API const struct mie_op_definition *mie_ctx_get_op_definition(
+	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name);
 MIE_API const struct mie_trait_definition *mie_ctx_get_trait_definition(
 	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect_name,
 	const char *trait_name);
@@ -59,4 +71,17 @@ MIE_API struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_function_type(
 
 MIE_API struct mie_value *mie_ctx_get_null(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_ctx_register_pass(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_pass_definition *pass);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_ctx_get_pass(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_attribute_map *args, struct mie_pass **out);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_push_diag(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_line_source *src,
+	const struct mie_file_cell *loc, const char *dialect,
+	unsigned long diag_class);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_pop_diag(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/diag/amendment.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_H_
+
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+
+enum mie_diag_amendment_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_ADD,
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REMOVE,
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REPLACE,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_amendment {
+	enum mie_diag_amendment_type a_type;
+	unsigned long __x;
+
+	union {
+		struct {
+			struct mie_file_cell a_loc;
+			char *a_str;
+		} a_add;
+
+		struct {
+			struct mie_file_cell a_loc;
+			unsigned long a_length;
+		} a_remove;
+
+		struct {
+			struct mie_file_cell a_loc;
+			unsigned long a_length;
+			char *a_str;
+		} a_replace;
+	};
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/class.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_CLASS_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_H_
+
+enum mie_diag_class_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_HINT,
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_WARNING,
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_ERROR,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_class {
+	unsigned int c_id;
+	const char *c_id_str_short, *c_id_str_long;
+	enum mie_diag_class_type c_type;
+	const char *c_title;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+enum mie_diag_component_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_MSG,
+	MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_SNIPPET,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_component {
+	enum mie_diag_component_type c_type;
+	b_queue_entry c_entry;
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_c_snippet {
+	struct mie_diag_component s_base;
+	unsigned long s_first_line, s_last_line;
+
+	struct mie_diag_amendment *s_amendments;
+	size_t s_nr_amendments;
+
+	struct mie_diag_highlight *s_highlights;
+	size_t s_nr_highlights;
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_c_msg {
+	struct mie_diag_component msg_base;
+	char *msg_content;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/diag.h

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_DIAG_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_DIAG_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+
+struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_diag_class;
+struct mie_diag_amendment;
+struct mie_diag_highlight;
+
+enum mie_diag_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_HINT,
+	MIE_DIAG_WARNING,
+	MIE_DIAG_ERROR,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag {
+	struct mie_dialect *diag_parent;
+	const struct mie_diag_class *diag_class;
+
+	struct mie_line_source *diag_src;
+	struct mie_file_cell diag_loc;
+	b_queue_entry diag_entry;
+	b_queue diag_components;
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_diag_set_location(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long row, unsigned long col);
+MIE_API void mie_diag_push_msg(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect,
+	unsigned long msg, ...);
+MIE_API void mie_diag_push_snippet(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendmends, size_t nr_amendments,
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *highlights, size_t nr_highlights);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/highlight.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_H_
+
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+
+enum mie_diag_highlight_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_HINT,
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_WARNING,
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_highlight {
+	enum mie_diag_highlight_type hl_type;
+	struct mie_file_span hl_span;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/msg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_MSG_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_H_
+
+struct mie_diag_msg {
+	unsigned int msg_id;
+	const char *msg_id_str_short, *msg_id_str_long;
+	const char *msg_content;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/arith.h

@@ -8,7 +8,19 @@
 
 struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_emitter;
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_arith_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_i_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_f_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_addi_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
+	struct mie_register *right, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_addf_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
+	struct mie_register *right, const char *name);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/builtin.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <mie/interface/interface.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 #include <mie/trait/trait.h>
+#include <mie/vector.h>
 
 struct mie_dialect;
 
@@ -14,6 +15,22 @@ struct mie_op;
 struct mie_int_type;
 struct mie_float_type;
 
+enum mie_builtin_diag {
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_VALUE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR,
+};
+
+enum mie_builtin_msg {
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRESOLVED_VALUE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_NON_DOMINANT_BLOCK,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_AFTER_USE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_OUTSIDE_ISOLATED_REGION,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_BLOCK,
+};
+
 enum mie_float_width {
 	MIE_FLOAT_32 = 32,
 	MIE_FLOAT_64 = 64,
@@ -54,6 +71,16 @@ struct mie_index {
 	size_t i_value;
 };
 
+struct mie_array {
+	struct mie_attribute a_base;
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(const struct mie_attribute *, a_items);
+};
+
+struct mie_type_attr {
+	struct mie_attribute ty_base;
+	const struct mie_type *ty_value;
+};
+
 struct mie_symbol {
 	struct mie_interface sym_base;
 	const char *(*sym_get_name)(const struct mie_op *);
@@ -100,10 +127,19 @@ MIE_API struct mie_attribute *mie_ctx_get_string(
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *s);
 MIE_API struct mie_attribute *mie_ctx_get_index(struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t val);
 
+MIE_API const char *mie_string_get_cstr(const struct mie_attribute *attrib);
+MIE_API const struct mie_type *mie_type_attr_get_type(
+	const struct mie_attribute *attrib);
+MIE_API bool mie_int_get_value(const struct mie_attribute *attrib, long long *out);
+MIE_API bool mie_float_get_value(const struct mie_attribute *attrib, double *out);
+
 MIE_API struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_int_type(struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t bit_width);
 MIE_API struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_float_type(
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t bit_width);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_attribute *mie_type_attr_create(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const struct mie_type *ty);
+
 MIE_API size_t mie_int_type_get_width(const struct mie_type *type);
 MIE_API size_t mie_float_type_get_width(const struct mie_type *type);
 

mie/include/mie/dialect/cf.h

@@ -2,10 +2,23 @@
 #define MIE_DIALECT_CF_H_
 
 #include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_block;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_emitter;
+struct mie_register;
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_cf_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_block *dest,
+	struct mie_register **dest_args, size_t nr_dest_args);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_cond_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	struct mie_block *true_block, struct mie_register **true_args,
+	size_t nr_true_args, struct mie_block *false_block,
+	struct mie_register **false_args, size_t nr_false_args);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/dialect.h

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ struct mie_op_definition;
 struct mie_type_definition;
 struct mie_trait_definition;
 
+struct mie_diag_class;
+struct mie_diag_msg;
+
 struct mie_dialect {
 	mie_id d_id;
 	char *d_name;
@@ -27,6 +30,12 @@ struct mie_dialect {
 	struct mie_id_map d_attributes;
 	/* map of struct mie_interface_definition */
 	struct mie_id_map d_interfaces;
+	/* array of mie_diag_class */
+	struct mie_diag_class *d_diag_classes;
+	size_t d_nr_diag_classes;
+	/* array of mie_diag_msg */
+	struct mie_diag_msg *d_diag_msgs;
+	size_t d_nr_diag_msgs;
 
 	enum mie_status (*d_cleanup)(struct mie_dialect *);
 };

mie/include/mie/dialect/func.h

@@ -2,10 +2,24 @@
 #define MIE_DIALECT_FUNC_H_
 
 #include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_type;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_emitter;
+struct mie_register;
+
+struct mie_func_parameter {
+	const char *param_name;
+	const struct mie_type *param_type;
+	struct mie_register *param_reg;
+};
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_func_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_func_func_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, const char *name, struct mie_func_parameter *params,
+	size_t nr_params, const struct mie_type **ret_types, size_t nr_ret_types);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/scf.h

@@ -4,8 +4,19 @@
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 
 struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_type;
+struct mie_region;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_emitter;
+struct mie_register;
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_scf_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_scf_if_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	const struct mie_type *result_type, struct mie_region **out_true,
+	struct mie_region **out_false, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_scf_yield_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *value);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/block.h

@@ -6,16 +6,69 @@
 #include <mie/name.h>
 #include <mie/vector.h>
 
+#define MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID ((size_t)0)
+
 struct mie_op;
 struct mie_register;
 
-struct mie_block {
-	struct mie_name b_name;
-
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_register *, b_params);
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_op, b_ops);
+struct mie_block_predecessor {
+	struct mie_block *p_block;
 };
 
+struct mie_block {
+	struct mie_name b_name;
+	struct mie_region *b_parent;
+
+	/* immediate predecessor blocks */
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_block_predecessor, b_ipred);
+
+	/* used by struct mie_region */
+	unsigned int b_id;
+	struct mie_block *b_idom;
+	// struct mie_block *b_sdom, *b_dfs_parent;
+	b_queue_entry b_entry;
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_register, b_params);
+	/* queue of struct mie_op */
+	b_queue b_ops;
+};
+
+extern struct mie_vector_ops mie_block_vector_ops;
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_first_op(const struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_prev_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_next_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_last_op(const struct mie_block *block);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_terminator(const struct mie_block *block);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_first_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_prev_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_next_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_last_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_first_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_prev_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_next_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_last_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+
 MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op(struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op_after(
+	struct mie_block *block, struct mie_op *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_block_add_param(struct mie_block *block);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_block_find_register(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_op *start_point);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/builder.h

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_BUILDER_H_
+#define MIE_IR_BUILDER_H_
+
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_type;
+struct mie_name;
+struct mie_block;
+struct mie_region;
+struct mie_register;
+
+struct mie_builder;
+
+MIE_API struct mie_builder *mie_builder_create(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *root);
+MIE_API void mie_builder_destroy(struct mie_builder *builder);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_ctx *mie_builder_get_ctx(struct mie_builder *builder);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_builder_get_current_block(struct mie_builder *builder);
+
+MIE_API void mie_builder_step_into_op(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API void mie_builder_step_into_region(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_region *region);
+MIE_API void mie_builder_step_into_block(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API void mie_builder_step_out(struct mie_builder *builder);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_builder_put_op(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, const char *dialect, const char *op,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_builder_put_name(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/ir/emit.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_EMIT_H_
+#define MIE_IR_EMIT_H_
+
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define MIE_EMITTER(p) ((struct mie_emitter *)(p))
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_name;
+struct mie_block;
+struct mie_register;
+
+struct mie_emitter;
+
+typedef struct mie_ctx *(*mie_emit_get_ctx)(const struct mie_emitter *);
+typedef enum mie_status (*mie_emit_put_name)(
+	struct mie_emitter *, struct mie_name *, const char *);
+typedef struct mie_op *(*mie_emit_put_op)(
+	struct mie_emitter *, const char *, const char *,
+	struct mie_register **, size_t);
+typedef struct mie_block *(*mie_emit_put_block)(
+	struct mie_emitter *, struct mie_block *);
+
+struct mie_emitter {
+	mie_emit_get_ctx e_get_ctx;
+	mie_emit_put_name e_put_name;
+	mie_emit_put_op e_put_op;
+	mie_emit_put_block e_put_block;
+};
+
+MIE_API struct mie_ctx *mie_emitter_get_ctx(struct mie_emitter *emitter);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_emitter_put_name(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_emitter_put_op(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name, struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_emitter_put_block(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_block *insert_point);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/ir/module.h

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef MIE_IR_MODULE_H_
-#define MIE_IR_MODULE_H_
-
-#include <blue/core/stream.h>
-#include <mie/misc.h>
-#include <mie/name.h>
-#include <mie/vector.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-struct mie_op;
-
-struct mie_module {
-	struct mie_name_map *m_names;
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_op, m_ops);
-};
-
-MIE_API struct mie_module *mie_module_create(void);
-MIE_API void mie_module_destroy(struct mie_module *mod);
-
-MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_module_add_op(struct mie_module *mod);
-
-#endif

mie/include/mie/ir/op-definition.h

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #define MIE_OP_MAX_RESULTS 8
 
 struct mie_op;
+struct mie_printer;
 struct mie_parser;
 struct mie_dialect;
 
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ struct mie_op_definition {
 	const struct mie_op_param op_params[MIE_OP_MAX_PARAMS];
 	const struct mie_op_result op_results[MIE_OP_MAX_RESULTS];
 
-	enum mie_status (*op_print)(const struct mie_op *, b_stream *);
+	enum mie_status (*op_print)(struct mie_printer *, const struct mie_op *);
 	enum mie_status (*op_parse)(struct mie_parser *, struct mie_op *);
 };
 

mie/include/mie/ir/op.h

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #include <mie/name.h>
 #include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
 
+struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_type;
-
 struct mie_value;
 struct mie_block;
 struct mie_region;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ struct mie_op_arg {
 	struct mie_file_span arg_span;
 	union {
 		/* only valid if F_ARG_RESOLVED is set in arg_flags */
-		struct mie_register *arg_value;
+		struct mie_register_use arg_value;
 		/* only valid if F_ARG_RESOLVED is NOT set in arg_flags */
 		struct mie_register_ref arg_unresolved;
 	};
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ struct mie_op_arg {
 
 struct mie_op_successor {
 	enum mie_op_flags s_flags;
+	struct mie_file_span s_name_span;
 
 	union {
 		/* only valid if F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED is set in s_flags; */
@@ -50,25 +51,68 @@ struct mie_op_successor {
 
 struct mie_op {
 	enum mie_op_flags op_flags;
+	/* used by struct mie_block */
+	b_queue_entry op_entry;
 
-	/* these pointers are only valid if the F_OP_RESOLVED flag is set */
-	const struct mie_dialect *op_dialect;
+	struct mie_line_source *op_src;
+	/* this pointer is only valid if the F_OP_RESOLVED flag is set */
 	const struct mie_op_definition *op_info;
 
+	struct mie_block *op_container;
 	struct mie_file_span op_name_span;
 	/* only valid if the F_RESOLVED flag is NOT set */
 	char *op_name;
 
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_region, op_regions);
+	b_queue op_regions;
+
 	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_op_successor, op_successors);
 	struct mie_attribute_map op_attrib;
 	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_op_arg, op_args);
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_register *, op_result);
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_register, op_result);
 };
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_create(void);
 MIE_API void mie_op_destroy(struct mie_op *op);
 
+MIE_API void mie_op_init(struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API void mie_op_cleanup(struct mie_op *op);
+
+MIE_API size_t mie_op_get_name(const struct mie_op *op, char *out, size_t max);
+
+MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op_arg *mie_op_add_arg(struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_add_result(
+	struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_type *ty);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_op_add_successor(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *block, struct mie_register **args,
+	size_t nr_args);
 MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_add_region(struct mie_op *op);
-MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_op_add_successor(struct mie_op *op);
+
+MIE_API bool mie_op_is(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name);
+MIE_API bool mie_op_has_trait(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *trait_name);
+MIE_API bool mie_op_has_interface(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *iface_name);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_parent(const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_first_region(const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_prev_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_next_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_last_region(const struct mie_op *op);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_get_arg(const struct mie_op *op, size_t index);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_get_result_with_name(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_first_child_op(const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_last_child_op(const struct mie_op *op);
+
+MIE_API const struct mie_type *mie_op_arg_get_type(const struct mie_op_arg *arg);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/region.h

@@ -1,17 +1,55 @@
 #ifndef MIE_IR_REGION_H_
 #define MIE_IR_REGION_H_
 
+#include <blue/core/btree.h>
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 #include <mie/vector.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_block;
 
 struct mie_region {
 	struct mie_name_map *r_names;
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_block *, r_blocks);
+	struct mie_op *r_parent;
+	/* used by struct mie_op */
+	b_queue_entry r_entry;
+	/* queue of struct mie_block */
+	b_queue r_blocks;
+	/* bst of struct mie_block, as numbered by a depth-first search.
+	 * this ordering is recalculated by mie_region_refresh_dominance */
+	b_btree r_blocks_s;
 };
 
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_first_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_prev_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_next_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_last_block(const struct mie_region *region);
+
 MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block(struct mie_region *region);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_after(
+	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_find_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_region_find_register(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name);
+
+/* calculate the dominance-tree of all blocks in a region.
+ * this function populates the following attributes of every block in the
+ * region:
+ *   b_id
+ *   b_node
+ *   b_parent
+ * as well as the following attributes of the region itself:
+ *   r_blocks_s
+ * only top-level blocks and ops are considered by this function. if an op
+ * within the region itself contains one/more child regions, these are ignored.
+ */
+MIE_API void mie_region_refresh_dominance(struct mie_region *region);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/register.h

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 #define MIE_IR_REGISTER_H_
 
 #include <mie/name.h>
+#include <mie/vector.h>
 
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_register;
 struct mie_target_register;
 
 enum mie_register_flags {
@@ -25,8 +28,16 @@ struct mie_register_ref {
 	const struct mie_type *reg_type;
 };
 
+/* represents a use of/resolved reference to a mie_register */
+struct mie_register_use {
+	b_queue_entry u_entry;
+	struct mie_op *u_user;
+	struct mie_register *u_reg;
+};
+
 struct mie_register {
 	enum mie_register_flags reg_flags;
+	struct mie_file_span reg_span;
 	union {
 		/* only valid if F_VIRTUAL is set. */
 		struct mie_name reg_name;
@@ -46,6 +57,19 @@ struct mie_register {
 	 * for which this register is a parameter
 	 * if this is a BLOCK_PARAM register, this pointer is NULL */
 	struct mie_op *reg_op;
+	/* list of struct mie_register_use, representing all the places
+	 * where this register is used. */
+	b_queue reg_use;
 };
 
+extern struct mie_vector_ops mie_register_vector_ops;
+extern struct mie_vector_ops mie_register_use_vector_ops;
+
+MIE_API void mie_register_move(struct mie_register *dest, struct mie_register *src);
+MIE_API void mie_register_cleanup(struct mie_register *reg);
+
+MIE_API void mie_register_use_move(
+	struct mie_register_use *dest, struct mie_register_use *src);
+MIE_API void mie_register_use_cleanup(struct mie_register_use *reg);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/resolve.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_RESOLVE_H_
+#define MIE_IR_RESOLVE_H_
+
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
+
+MIE_API bool mie_resolve_op_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_resolve_op_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_resolve_op_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/ir/walk.h

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_WALK_H_
+#define MIE_IR_WALK_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+struct mie_op;
+
+enum mie_walker_flags {
+	MIE_WALKER_F_NONE = 0x00u,
+
+	/* 0: default behaviour */
+	MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER = 0x00u,
+	MIE_WALKER_F_POSTORDER = 0x01u,
+
+	/* 0: default behaviour */
+	MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD = 0x00u,
+	MIE_WALKER_F_BACKWARD = 0x02u,
+
+	MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE = 0x04u,
+
+	MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS = 0x08u,
+	MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_REGIONS = 0x10u,
+	MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS = 0x20u,
+};
+
+enum mie_walk_item_type {
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP,
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK,
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION,
+};
+
+struct mie_walk_item {
+	int _f;
+	b_queue_entry _e;
+	enum mie_walk_item_type i_type;
+	// size_t i_index;
+	size_t i_depth;
+	union {
+		struct mie_op *i_op;
+		struct mie_block *i_block;
+		struct mie_region *i_region;
+	};
+};
+
+struct mie_walker {
+	enum mie_walker_flags w_flags;
+	union {
+		/* used for recursive walks */
+		b_queue w_stack;
+		/* used for non-recursive walks */
+		struct {
+			struct mie_walk_item w_region, w_block, w_op;
+		};
+	};
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_walker_begin(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_op *op,
+	enum mie_walker_flags flags);
+MIE_API void mie_walker_end(struct mie_walker *walker);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_walker_step(struct mie_walker *walker);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_walk_item *mie_walker_get(struct mie_walker *walker);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/macros.h

@@ -1,187 +1,334 @@
 #ifndef MIE_MACROS_H_
 #define MIE_MACROS_H_
 
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(func_prefix, c_struct, dialect_name)               \
-	struct mie_dialect *func_prefix##_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx)  \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_dialect *self = mie_dialect_create(                 \
-			ctx, dialect_name, sizeof(c_struct));                  \
-		if (!self) {                                                   \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}                                                              \
-		struct mie_op_definition *op = NULL;                           \
-		struct mie_type_definition *type = NULL;                       \
-		struct mie_trait_definition *trait = NULL;                     \
-		struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute = NULL;             \
-		struct mie_interface_definition *interface = NULL;
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                        DIALECT DEFINITION MACROS                           */
+/******************************************************************************/
 
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_END()                                                    \
-	return self;                                                           \
-	}
+#define MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(func_prefix, c_struct, dialect_name)                \
+        struct mie_dialect* func_prefix##_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx* ctx) \
+        {                                                                     \
+                struct mie_dialect* self = mie_dialect_create(                \
+                    ctx, dialect_name, sizeof(c_struct));                     \
+                if (!self) {                                                  \
+                        return NULL;                                          \
+                }                                                             \
+                struct mie_op_definition* op = NULL;                          \
+                struct mie_type_definition* type = NULL;                      \
+                struct mie_trait_definition* trait = NULL;                    \
+                struct mie_attribute_definition* attribute = NULL;            \
+                struct mie_interface_definition* interface = NULL;
 
-#define __MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, op_name)                        \
-	struct mie_op_definition *func_prefix##_op_create(                     \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_op_definition *op                                   \
-			= mie_op_definition_create(d, op_name);                \
-		if (!op) {                                                     \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}                                                              \
-		const struct mie_trait *trait = NULL;                          \
-		struct mie_interface *i = NULL;                                \
-		const struct mie_interface_definition *id = NULL;
+#define MIE_DIALECT_END() \
+        return self;      \
+        }
 
-#define __MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()                                              \
-	return op;                                                             \
-	}
+#define MIE_DIALECT_INIT(func) func(self)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_CLEANUP(func) self->d_cleanup = (func)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_CLASS_LIST(list) \
+        self->d_diag_classes = (list);    \
+        self->d_nr_diag_classes = (list##_count)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_MSG_LIST(list) \
+        self->d_diag_msgs = (list);     \
+        self->d_nr_diag_msgs = (list##_count)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(op_id)                           \
+        extern struct mie_op_definition* op_id##_op_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);          \
+        op = op_id##_op_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(type_id)                             \
+        extern struct mie_type_definition* type_id##_type_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                \
+        type = type_id##_type_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(trait_id)                              \
+        extern struct mie_trait_definition* trait_id##_trait_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                   \
+        trait = trait_id##_trait_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(attr_id)                                  \
+        extern struct mie_attribute_definition* attr_id##_attribute_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                          \
+        attribute = attr_id##_attribute_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(iface_id)                                  \
+        extern struct mie_interface_definition* iface_id##_interface_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                           \
+        interface = iface_id##_interface_create(self, ctx)
 
-#define __MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, type_name)                    \
-	struct mie_type_definition *func_prefix##_type_create(                 \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_type_definition *type                               \
-			= mie_type_definition_create(d, type_name);            \
-		if (!type) {                                                   \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}                                                              \
-		const struct mie_trait *trait = NULL;
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                           OP DEFINITION MACROS                             */
+/******************************************************************************/
 
-#define __MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()                                            \
-	return type;                                                           \
-	}
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, op_name)       \
+        struct mie_op_definition* func_prefix##_op_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)     \
+        {                                                   \
+                struct mie_op_definition* op                \
+                    = mie_op_definition_create(d, op_name); \
+                if (!op) {                                  \
+                        return NULL;                        \
+                }                                           \
+                const struct mie_trait* trait = NULL;       \
+                struct mie_interface* i = NULL;             \
+                const struct mie_interface_definition* id = NULL;
 
-#define __MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, trait_name)                  \
-	struct mie_trait_definition *func_prefix##_trait_create(               \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_trait_definition *trait                             \
-			= mie_trait_definition_create(d, trait_name);          \
-		if (!trait) {                                                  \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return op;              \
+        }
 
-#define __MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END()                                           \
-	return trait;                                                          \
-	}
-
-#define __MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, attribute_name)          \
-	struct mie_attribute_definition *func_prefix##_attribute_create(       \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute                     \
-			= mie_attribute_definition_create(d, attribute_name);  \
-		if (!attribute) {                                              \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}
-
-#define __MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END()                                       \
-	return attribute;                                                      \
-	}
-
-#define __MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, iface_name)              \
-	struct mie_interface_definition *func_prefix##_interface_create(       \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_interface_definition *i                             \
-			= mie_interface_definition_create(d, iface_name);      \
-		if (!i) {                                                      \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}
-
-#define __MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_END()                                       \
-	return i;                                                              \
-	}
-
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_INIT(func)    func(self)
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_CLEANUP(func) self->d_cleanup = (func)
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(op_id)                                            \
-	extern struct mie_op_definition *op_id##_op_create(                    \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	op = op_id##_op_create(self, ctx)
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(type_id)                                        \
-	extern struct mie_type_definition *type_id##_type_create(              \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	type = type_id##_type_create(self, ctx)
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(trait_id)                                      \
-	extern struct mie_trait_definition *trait_id##_trait_create(           \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	trait = trait_id##_trait_create(self, ctx)
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(attribute_id)                                \
-	extern struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute_id##_attribute_create( \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                         \
-	attribute = attribute_id##_attribute_create(self, ctx)
-#define __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(interface_id)                                \
-	extern struct mie_interface_definition *interface_id##_interface_create( \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                         \
-	interface = interface_id##_interface_create(self, ctx)
-
-#define MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(c_sym, c_struct, name)                               \
-	__MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(c_sym, c_struct, name)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_END()                  __MIE_DIALECT_END()
-#define MIE_DIALECT_INIT(func)             __MIE_DIALECT_INIT(func)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_CLEANUP(func)          __MIE_DIALECT_CLEANUP(func)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(c_sym)          __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(c_sym)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(c_sym)        __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(c_sym)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(c_sym)       __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(c_sym)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(c_sym)   __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(c_sym)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(c_sym)   __MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(c_sym)
-
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, op) __MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, op)
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()            __MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(func)      op->op_print = (func)
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(func)      op->op_parse = (func)
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)                     \
-	trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name);             \
-	mie_op_definition_add_trait(op, trait);
-#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_BEGIN(dialect_name, if_name, c_struct)                \
-	id = mie_ctx_get_interface_definition(ctx, dialect_name, if_name);     \
-	if (id) {                                                              \
-		c_struct *iface = (c_struct *)mie_interface_create(id);
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) op->op_print = (func)
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(func) op->op_parse = (func)
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)         \
+        trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name); \
+        mie_op_definition_add_trait(op, trait);
+#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_BEGIN(dialect_name, if_name, c_struct)            \
+        id = mie_ctx_get_interface_definition(ctx, dialect_name, if_name); \
+        if (id) {                                                          \
+                c_struct* iface = (c_struct*)mie_interface_create(id);
 #define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_FUNC(func_name) iface->func_name
+#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_END()                                             \
+        mie_op_definition_add_interface(op, (struct mie_interface*)iface); \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_END()                                                 \
-	mie_op_definition_add_interface(op, (struct mie_interface *)iface);    \
-	}
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                         TYPE DEFINITION MACROS                             */
+/******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, type)                                 \
-	__MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, type)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()          __MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_FLAGS(flags)   type->ty_flags = flags
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name)   type->ty_data_size = sizeof(name)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func)     type->ty_init = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func)    type->ty_print = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func)    type->ty_parse = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, type_name)       \
+        struct mie_type_definition* func_prefix##_type_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)         \
+        {                                                       \
+                struct mie_type_definition* type                \
+                    = mie_type_definition_create(d, type_name); \
+                if (!type) {                                    \
+                        return NULL;                            \
+                }                                               \
+                const struct mie_trait* trait = NULL;
+
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return type;              \
+        }
+
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_FLAGS(flags) type->ty_flags = flags
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) type->ty_data_size = sizeof(name)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func) type->ty_init = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) type->ty_print = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func) type->ty_parse = (func)
 #define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BUILD_ID(func) type->ty_build_id = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func)     type->ty_init = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func)  type->ty_cleanup = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)                   \
-	trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name);             \
-	mie_type_definition_add_trait(type, trait);
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func) type->ty_init = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func) type->ty_cleanup = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)       \
+        trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name); \
+        mie_type_definition_add_trait(type, trait);
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                        TRAIT DEFINITION MACROS                             */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, trait_name)       \
+        struct mie_trait_definition* func_prefix##_trait_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)           \
+        {                                                         \
+                struct mie_trait_definition* trait                \
+                    = mie_trait_definition_create(d, trait_name); \
+                if (!trait) {                                     \
+                        return NULL;                              \
+                }
+
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return trait;              \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, trait)                               \
-	__MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, trait)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END()            __MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END()
 #define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_TARGETS(targets) trait->tr_target = (targets)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name)     trait->tr_data_size = sizeof(name)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_PRINT(func)      trait->tr_print = (func)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BUILD_ID(func)   trait->tr_build_id = (func)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func)    trait->tr_cleanup = (func)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_VALIDATE(func)   trait->tr_validate = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) trait->tr_data_size = sizeof(name)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) trait->tr_print = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BUILD_ID(func) trait->tr_build_id = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func) trait->tr_cleanup = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_VALIDATE(func) trait->tr_validate = (func)
 
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, attribute)                       \
-	__MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, attribute)
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END() __MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END()
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name)                                  \
-	attribute->a_data_size = sizeof(name)
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_INIT(func)    attribute->a_init = (func)
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                      ATTRIBUTE DEFINITION MACROS                           */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, attribute_name)       \
+        struct mie_attribute_definition* func_prefix##_attribute_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)                   \
+        {                                                                 \
+                struct mie_attribute_definition* attribute                \
+                    = mie_attribute_definition_create(d, attribute_name); \
+                if (!attribute) {                                         \
+                        return NULL;                                      \
+                }
+
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return attribute;              \
+        }
+
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) \
+        attribute->a_data_size = sizeof(name)
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_INIT(func) attribute->a_init = (func)
 #define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func) attribute->a_cleanup = (func)
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func)   attribute->a_print = (func)
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func)   attribute->a_parse = (func)
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) attribute->a_print = (func)
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func) attribute->a_parse = (func)
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                      INTERFACE DEFINITION MACROS                           */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, iface_name)          \
+        struct mie_interface_definition* func_prefix##_interface_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)                  \
+        {                                                                \
+                struct mie_interface_definition* i                       \
+                    = mie_interface_definition_create(d, iface_name);    \
+                if (!i) {                                                \
+                        return NULL;                                     \
+                }
+
+#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return i;                      \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, iface)                           \
-	__MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(c_sym, iface)
-#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_END()        __MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_END()
 #define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) i->if_size = sizeof(name)
 
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                         PASS DEFINITION MACROS                             */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_BEGIN(prefix)                                     \
+        struct mie_pass_definition* prefix##_pass_create(struct mie_ctx* ctx) \
+        {                                                                     \
+                struct mie_pass_definition* p = mie_pass_definition_create(); \
+                if (!p) {                                                     \
+                        return NULL;                                          \
+                }
+
+#define MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_END()                           \
+        if (mie_ctx_register_pass(ctx, p) != MIE_SUCCESS) { \
+                return NULL;                                \
+        }                                                   \
+        return p;                                           \
+        }
+
+#define MIE_PASS_NAME(name) p->p_name = (name)
+#define MIE_PASS_DESCRIPTION(desc) p->p_description = (desc)
+#define MIE_PASS_STRUCT(c_struct) p->p_data_size = sizeof(c_struct)
+#define MIE_PASS_TYPE(type) p->p_type = (type)
+#define MIE_PASS_INIT(func) p->p_init = (func)
+#define MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM(func) \
+        p->p_transform = (func); \
+        p->p_type = MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM
+#define MIE_PASS_ANALYSE(func) \
+        p->p_analyse = (func); \
+        p->p_type = MIE_PASS_ANALYSE
+#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_OP(dialect, op) \
+        p->p_filter.f_op = mie_ctx_get_op_definition(ctx, dialect, op)
+#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_TRAIT(dialect, tr) \
+        p->p_filter.f_trait = mie_ctx_get_trait_definition(ctx, dialect, tr)
+#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_INTERFACE(dialect, ifn) \
+        p->p_filter.f_iface = mie_ctx_get_iface_definition(ctx, dialect, ifn)
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                            PASS GROUP MACROS                               */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_BEGIN(prefix)                                  \
+        enum mie_status prefix##_passes_register(struct mie_ctx* ctx) \
+        {                                                             \
+                struct mie_pass_definition* pass = NULL;
+
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_END() \
+        return MIE_SUCCESS;  \
+        }
+
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_DECLARATION(prefix) \
+        enum mie_status prefix##_passes_register(struct mie_ctx*);
+
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_ADD_PASS(id)                                  \
+        do {                                                         \
+                extern struct mie_pass_definition* id##_pass_create( \
+                    struct mie_ctx*);                                \
+                pass = id##_pass_create(ctx);                        \
+                if (!pass) {                                         \
+                        return MIE_ERR_INTERNAL_FAILURE;             \
+                }                                                    \
+        } while (0)
+
 #endif
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                          REWRITE PATTERN MACROS                            */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_BEGIN(name)                                \
+        struct mie_pattern* name##_create(struct mie_pattern_set* set) \
+        {                                                              \
+                struct mie_pattern* self = mie_pattern_set_add(set);   \
+                if (!self) {                                           \
+                        return NULL;                                   \
+                }
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_END() \
+        return self;              \
+        }
+
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_ROOT(dialect_name, op_name) \
+        self->p_root.t_dialect_name = (dialect_name);   \
+        self->p_root.t_op_name = (op_name)
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_MATCH(func) self->p_match = (func)
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_REWRITE(func) self->p_rewrite = (func)
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                             DIAG CLASS MACROS                              */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define __MIE_CNAME2(x, y) x##_##y
+#define __MIE_CNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_CNAME(fun) __MIE_CNAME1(MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define __MIE_CSNAME2(x, y) #x #y
+#define __MIE_CSNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CSNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_CSNAME(fun) __MIE_CSNAME1(MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_EXTERN(list_name)     \
+        extern struct mie_diag_class list_name[]; \
+        extern const size_t list_name##_count
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_BEGIN(list_name) \
+        struct mie_diag_class list_name[] = {
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_END(list_name) \
+        }                                  \
+        ;                                  \
+        const size_t list_name##_count = sizeof(list_name) / sizeof(list_name[0]);
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS(id, type, title)            \
+        [__MIE_CNAME(id)] = {                      \
+                .c_id = __MIE_CNAME(id),           \
+                .c_type = MIE_DIAG_CLASS_##type,   \
+                .c_title = (title),                \
+                .c_id_str_short = #id,             \
+                .c_id_str_long = __MIE_CSNAME(id), \
+        },
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                              DIAG MSG MACROS                               */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define __MIE_MNAME2(x, y) x##_##y
+#define __MIE_MNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_MNAME(fun) __MIE_CNAME1(MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define __MIE_MSNAME2(x, y) #x #y
+#define __MIE_MSNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CSNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_MSNAME(fun) __MIE_CSNAME1(MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_EXTERN(list_name)     \
+        extern struct mie_diag_msg list_name[]; \
+        extern const size_t list_name##_count
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(list_name) \
+        struct mie_diag_msg list_name[] = {
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_END(list_name) \
+        }                                \
+        ;                                \
+        const size_t list_name##_count = sizeof(list_name) / sizeof(list_name[0]);
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG(id, content)                    \
+        [__MIE_MNAME(id)] = {                        \
+                .msg_id = __MIE_MNAME(id),           \
+                .msg_content = (content),            \
+                .msg_id_str_short = #id,             \
+                .msg_id_str_long = __MIE_MSNAME(id), \
+        },

mie/include/mie/name.h

@@ -35,26 +35,31 @@ struct mie_name_map_entry {
 	};
 };
 
+struct mie_name_bucket {
+	struct mie_name_map_entry b_base;
+	b_queue b_names;
+};
+
 /* stores a unique name, and forms a binary tree of similar entries.
  * this struct is designed to be embedded directly within a larger struct
  * (rather than just as a pointer), allowing the larger struct to be part
  * of a name map. Because of this, mie_name CANNOT be used in any memory that
  * may be re-allocated. If a mie_name is moved after it is added to a
  * mie_name_map, the internal bst pointers that make up the map will be
- * invalidated, causing some very obscure memory-related errors. */
+ * invalidated, causing some very obscure memory-related errors.
+ *
+ * if mie_name IS stored in movable memory, care must be taken to use
+ * mie_name_move rather than memcpy/memmove to move the mie_name from
+ * one location to another. */
 struct mie_name {
 	struct mie_name_map_entry n_base;
 	struct mie_name_map *n_parent;
+	struct mie_name_bucket *n_bucket;
 	char *n_str;
 
 	/* if this name was read from a file, these structs can be used to
 	 * record the location within the file where the name is found. */
-	struct mie_file_span n_start, n_end;
-};
-
-struct mie_name_bucket {
-	struct mie_name_map_entry b_base;
-	b_queue b_names;
+	struct mie_file_span n_span;
 };
 
 struct mie_name_map {
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@ extern struct mie_name *mie_name_map_put(
 	struct mie_name_map *map, struct mie_name *entry, const char *hint,
 	enum mie_name_map_flags flags);
 
+extern void mie_name_move(struct mie_name *dst, struct mie_name *src);
 extern void mie_name_destroy(struct mie_name *name);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/parse/lex.h

@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 #ifndef MIE_PARSE_LEX_H_
 #define MIE_PARSE_LEX_H_
 
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
 #include <blue/core/stream.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 #include <mie/status.h>
 
 struct mie_lex;
+struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_token;
+struct mie_line_source;
 
-MIE_API struct mie_lex *mie_lex_create(b_stream *src);
+MIE_API struct mie_lex *mie_lex_create(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 MIE_API void mie_lex_destroy(struct mie_lex *lex);
 
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_lex_get_status(const struct mie_lex *lex);
+MIE_API struct mie_line_source *mie_lex_get_line_source(const struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API struct mie_token *mie_lex_peek(struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API void mie_lex_advance(struct mie_lex *lex);
 

mie/include/mie/parse/line-source.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef MIE_PARSE_LINE_SOURCE_H_
+#define MIE_PARSE_LINE_SOURCE_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/stream.h>
+#include <blue/ds/array.h>
+#include <blue/ds/string.h>
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+
+struct mie_line_source {
+	b_stream *s_stream;
+	const char *s_path;
+	b_string *s_linebuf;
+	b_iterator *s_linebuf_ptr;
+	b_array *s_lines;
+
+	struct mie_file_cell s_cursor;
+};
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_line_source_init(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, const char *path, b_stream *stream);
+MIE_API void mie_line_source_cleanup(struct mie_line_source *src);
+
+MIE_API const char *mie_line_source_get_path(const struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API const struct mie_file_cell *mie_line_source_get_cursor(
+	const struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API b_wchar mie_line_source_peekc(struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API b_wchar mie_line_source_getc(struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_line_source_get_row(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, size_t row, const b_string **out);
+
+MIE_API bool mie_line_source_input_available(struct mie_line_source *src);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/parse/parser.h

@@ -102,12 +102,12 @@ MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_register(
 	struct mie_register *out);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_register_list(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names,
-	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_register *, out));
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_register, out));
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_region(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_region *region);
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent, struct mie_region *region);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_region_list(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_region, out));
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_anonymous_block(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names,
 	struct mie_block *block);

mie/include/mie/pass/builtin.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef MIE_PASS_BUILTIN_H_
+#define MIE_PASS_BUILTIN_H_
+
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+
+struct mie_ctx;
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_builtin_passes_register(struct mie_ctx *);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/pass/pass-definition.h

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#ifndef MIE_PASS_PASS_DEFINITION_H_
+#define MIE_PASS_PASS_DEFINITION_H_
+
+#include <mie/id.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define MIE_PASS_CONTINUE                                                      \
+	((struct mie_pass_result) {.r_type = MIE_PASS_RESULT_CONTINUE,         \
+	                           .r_status = MIE_SUCCESS})
+#define MIE_PASS_INTERRUPT(status)                                             \
+	((struct mie_pass_result) {.r_type = MIE_PASS_RESULT_INTERRUPT,        \
+	                           .r_status = (status)})
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_pass;
+struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_op_definition;
+struct mie_trait_definition;
+struct mie_interface_definition;
+struct mie_attribute_map;
+
+enum mie_pass_type {
+	MIE_PASS_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM,
+	MIE_PASS_ANALYSE,
+};
+
+enum mie_pass_result_type {
+	MIE_PASS_RESULT_CONTINUE = 0,
+	MIE_PASS_RESULT_INTERRUPT,
+};
+
+struct mie_pass_result {
+	enum mie_pass_result_type r_type;
+	enum mie_status r_status;
+};
+
+struct mie_pass_args {
+	struct mie_ctx *p_ctx;
+};
+
+struct mie_pass_filter {
+	const struct mie_dialect *f_dialect;
+	const struct mie_op_definition *f_op;
+	const struct mie_trait_definition *f_trait;
+	const struct mie_interface_definition *f_iface;
+};
+
+struct mie_pass_definition {
+	mie_id p_id;
+	const char *p_name;
+	const char *p_description;
+	size_t p_data_size;
+	enum mie_pass_type p_type;
+
+	enum mie_status (*p_init)(
+		struct mie_pass *, const struct mie_attribute_map *);
+	struct mie_pass_result (*p_transform)(
+		struct mie_pass *, struct mie_op *, struct mie_pass_args *);
+	struct mie_pass_result (*p_analyse)(
+		struct mie_pass *, const struct mie_op *, struct mie_pass_args *);
+
+	struct mie_pass_filter p_filter;
+};
+
+MIE_API struct mie_pass_definition *mie_pass_definition_create(void);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/pass/pass-manager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef MIE_PASS_PASS_MANAGER_H_
+#define MIE_PASS_PASS_MANAGER_H_
+
+#include <mie/pass/pass-definition.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+#include <mie/vector.h>
+
+struct mie_pass;
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_op_pass;
+
+enum mie_pass_manager_flags {
+	MIE_PASSMGR_F_NONE = 0x00u,
+};
+
+struct mie_pass_manager {
+	enum mie_pass_manager_flags pm_flags;
+	struct mie_ctx *pm_ctx;
+	size_t pm_depth;
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_pass *, pm_passes);
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_pass_manager *, pm_nested);
+
+	struct mie_pass_filter pm_filter;
+};
+
+MIE_API struct mie_pass_manager *mie_pass_manager_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API void mie_pass_manager_destroy(struct mie_pass_manager *pm);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_pass_manager *mie_pass_manager_nest(struct mie_pass_manager *pm);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_pass_manager_filter_op(
+	struct mie_pass_manager *pm, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_pass_manager_filter_trait(
+	struct mie_pass_manager *pm, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *trait_name);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_pass_manager_filter_interface(
+	struct mie_pass_manager *pm, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *iface_name);
+
+MIE_API void mie_pass_manager_add_pass(
+	struct mie_pass_manager *pm, struct mie_pass *pass);
+MIE_API struct mie_pass_result mie_pass_manager_run(
+	struct mie_pass_manager *pm, struct mie_op *target);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/pass/pass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef MIE_PASS_PASS_H_
+#define MIE_PASS_PASS_H_
+
+#include <mie/pass/pass-definition.h>
+
+struct mie_pass {
+	const struct mie_pass_definition *p_def;
+};
+
+MIE_API const char *mie_pass_get_name(const struct mie_pass *pass);
+MIE_API struct mie_pass_result mie_pass_execute(
+	struct mie_pass *pass, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_pass_args *args);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/print/printer.h

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_module;
 struct mie_op;
+struct mie_op_arg;
+struct mie_op_successor;
 struct mie_region;
 struct mie_block;
 struct mie_type;
@@ -17,6 +19,12 @@ struct mie_register;
 enum mie_print_flags {
 	MIE_PRINT_F_GENERIC = 0x01u,
 	MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED = 0x02u,
+
+	MIE_PRINT_F_INCLUDE_TYPE = 0x04u,
+	MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_BLOCK_HEADER = 0x08u,
+	MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_FIRST_BLOCK_HEADER = 0x10u,
+
+	MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS = 0x20u,
 };
 
 struct mie_printer {
@@ -34,14 +42,28 @@ MIE_API void mie_printer_print_module(
 MIE_API void mie_printer_print_op(
 	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op);
 MIE_API void mie_printer_print_region(
-	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_region *region);
+	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_region *region,
+	enum mie_print_flags flags);
 MIE_API void mie_printer_print_block(
+	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_block *block,
+	enum mie_print_flags flags);
+MIE_API void mie_printer_print_block_ref(
 	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_block *block);
 MIE_API void mie_printer_print_type(
 	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_type *type);
 MIE_API void mie_printer_print_attribute(
 	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_attribute *attrib);
 MIE_API void mie_printer_print_register(
-	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_register *reg);
+	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_register *reg,
+	enum mie_print_flags flags);
+
+MIE_API void mie_printer_print_op_name(
+	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API void mie_printer_print_op_successor(
+	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op_successor *s,
+	bool compact);
+MIE_API void mie_printer_print_op_arg(
+	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op_arg *arg,
+	bool include_type);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/rewrite/convert.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef MIE_REWRITE_CONVERT_H_
+#define MIE_REWRITE_CONVERT_H_
+
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+
+struct mie_pattern_set;
+struct mie_convert_config;
+
+MIE_API struct mie_convert_config *mie_convert_config_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API void mie_convert_config_destroy(struct mie_convert_config *cfg);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_convert_config_add_illegal_op(
+	struct mie_convert_config *cfg, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_convert_apply(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_convert_config *cfg,
+	struct mie_pattern_set *patterns);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/rewrite/greedy.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef MIE_REWRITE_GREEDY_H_
+#define MIE_REWRITE_GREEDY_H_
+
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+
+struct mie_pattern_set;
+struct mie_greedy_config;
+
+MIE_API struct mie_greedy_config *mie_greedy_config_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API void mie_greedy_config_destroy(struct mie_greedy_config *cfg);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_greedy_apply(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_greedy_config *cfg,
+	struct mie_pattern_set *patterns);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/rewrite/pattern.h

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#ifndef MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_H_
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_H_
+
+#include <mie/vector.h>
+
+#define MIE_REWRITE_RESULT(result, status)                                     \
+	((struct mie_rewrite_result) {.r_result = (result), .r_status = (status)})
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_rewriter;
+
+enum mie_match_result {
+	MIE_NO_MATCH_FOUND = 0,
+	MIE_MATCH_FOUND,
+};
+
+struct mie_rewrite_result {
+	enum {
+		MIE_REWRITE_SUCCESS = 0,
+		MIE_REWRITE_IGNORE,
+		MIE_REWRITE_FAILURE,
+	} r_result;
+	enum mie_status r_status;
+};
+
+struct mie_pattern {
+	struct {
+		const char *t_dialect_name, *t_op_name;
+		const struct mie_op_definition *t_op;
+	} p_root;
+
+	enum mie_match_result (*p_match)(const struct mie_op *);
+	struct mie_rewrite_result (*p_rewrite)(
+		struct mie_op *, struct mie_rewriter *);
+};
+
+struct mie_pattern_set {
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_pattern, s_patterns);
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_pattern_set_init(struct mie_pattern_set *set);
+MIE_API void mie_pattern_set_cleanup(struct mie_pattern_set *set);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_pattern *mie_pattern_set_add(struct mie_pattern_set *set);
+MIE_API struct mie_pattern *mie_pattern_set_match(
+	struct mie_pattern_set *set, const struct mie_op *op);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_match_result mie_pattern_match(
+	const struct mie_pattern *pattern, const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_rewrite_result mie_pattern_rewrite(
+	const struct mie_pattern *pattern, struct mie_op *op,
+	struct mie_rewriter *rewriter);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/rewrite/rewriter.h

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_REWRITE_H_
+#define MIE_IR_REWRITE_H_
+
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+#include <mie/vector.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_region;
+struct mie_register;
+struct mie_op_successor;
+
+struct mie_rewriter {
+	struct mie_emitter r_base;
+	struct mie_ctx *r_ctx;
+	/* anything ops added to the IR are inserted in this block. */
+	struct mie_block *r_insert_block;
+	/* anything ops added to the IR are inserted after this op.
+	 * if this is null, the insertion point is the end of r_insert_block. */
+	struct mie_op *r_insert_point;
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_rewriter_init(struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API void mie_rewriter_cleanup(struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_ctx *mie_rewriter_get_ctx(const struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_get_insertion_block(struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_get_insertion_point(struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_set_insertion_point(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *insert_point);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_split_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, struct mie_op *before,
+	const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_create_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *insert_before, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to, struct mie_block *before);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to, struct mie_block *after);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_rename_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to,
+	struct mie_block *before);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to,
+	struct mie_block *after);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to, struct mie_region *before);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to, struct mie_region *after);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_put_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, const char *dialect, const char *op,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_replace_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_rewriter_add_op_successor(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *dest,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_erase_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_op_args_to_successor(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_successor *s);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_replace_register(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_register *old,
+	struct mie_register *new);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_rename_register(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_register *reg, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_put_name(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/status.h

@@ -13,13 +13,14 @@ enum mie_status {
 	MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX,
 	MIE_ERR_BAD_FORMAT,
 	MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE,
-	MIE_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
 	MIE_ERR_INVALID_VALUE,
 	MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
-	MIE_ERR_INTERNAL_FAILURE,
 	MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
 	MIE_ERR_NO_ENTRY,
 	MIE_ERR_NO_DATA,
+	MIE_ERR_NAME_EXISTS,
+	MIE_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
+	MIE_ERR_INTERNAL_FAILURE,
 };
 
 MIE_API const struct b_error_vendor *mie_error_vendor(void);

mie/include/mie/vector.h

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 #define MIE_VECTOR_H_
 
 #include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
-#if 0
-#define MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(type, name)                                          \
-	size_t name##_count = 0;                                               \
-	size_t name##_max = 0;                                                 \
-	type *name = NULL
-#endif
+struct mie_vector_ops {
+	enum mie_status (*v_copy)(void *, const void *, size_t);
+	enum mie_status (*v_move)(void *, void *, size_t);
+	enum mie_status (*v_destroy)(void *);
+};
 
 #define MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(type, name)                                          \
 	struct {                                                               \
@@ -43,52 +43,69 @@
 #define MIE_VECTOR_REF2(name) &(name.items), &(name.count), &(name.max)
 
 /* use these functions if you're accessing a vector directly. */
-#define mie_vector_push_back(vector, ptr)                                      \
+#define mie_vector_push_back(vector, ptr, ops)                                 \
 	__mie_vector_push_back(                                                \
 		(void **)&(vector.items), ptr, sizeof *ptr, &(vector.count),   \
-		&(vector.max))
-#define mie_vector_pop_back(vector)                                            \
+		&(vector.max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_pop_back(vector, ops)                                       \
 	__mie_vector_pop_back(                                                 \
-		(void **)&(vector), sizeof *vector, &(vector.count),           \
-		&(vector.max))
-#define mie_vector_emplace_back(vector)                                        \
+		(void **)&(vector.items), sizeof *vector.items,                \
+		&(vector.count), &(vector.max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_emplace_back(vector, ops)                                   \
 	__mie_vector_emplace_back(                                             \
 		(void **)&(vector.items), sizeof *vector.items,                \
-		&(vector.count), &(vector.max))
-#define mie_vector_destroy(vector, dtor)                                       \
+		&(vector.count), &(vector.max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_trim(vector, ops)                                           \
+	__mie_vector_trim(                                                     \
+		(void **)&(vector.items), sizeof *vector.items,                \
+		&(vector.count), &(vector.max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_destroy(vector, ops)                                        \
 	__mie_vector_destroy(                                                  \
 		(void **)&(vector.items), sizeof *vector.items,                \
-		&(vector.count), &(vector.max), dtor)
+		&(vector.count), &(vector.max), ops)
 
 /* use these functions if you're accessing a vector as a reference
  * via MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM. */
-#define mie_vector_ref_push_back(vector, ptr)                                  \
+#define mie_vector_ref_push_back(vector, ptr, ops)                             \
 	__mie_vector_push_back(                                                \
 		(void **)(vector), ptr, sizeof *ptr, (vector##_count),         \
-		(vector##_max))
-#define mie_vector_ref_pop_back(vector)                                        \
+		(vector##_max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_ref_pop_back(vector, ops)                                   \
 	__mie_vector_pop_back(                                                 \
 		(void **)(vector), sizeof **vector, (vector##_count),          \
-		(vector##_max))
-#define mie_vector_ref_emplace_back(vector)                                    \
+		(vector##_max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_ref_emplace_back(vector, ops)                               \
 	__mie_vector_emplace_back(                                             \
 		(void **)(vector), sizeof **vector, (vector##_count),          \
-		(vector##_max))
-#define mie_vector_ref_destroy(vector, dtor)                                   \
+		(vector##_max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_ref_trim(vector, ops)                                       \
+	__mie_vector_trim(                                                     \
+		(void **)(vector), sizeof **vector, (vector##_count),          \
+		(vector##_max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_ref_destroy(vector, ops)                                    \
 	__mie_vector_destroy(                                                  \
 		(void **)(vector), sizeof **vector, (vector##_count),          \
-		(vector##_max), dtor)
+		(vector##_max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_item(vector, index)     (*vector)[index]
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_item_ptr(vector, index) (&(*vector)[index])
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_count(vector)           *(vector##_count)
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_max(vector)             *(vector##_count)
 
 /* don't use these functions */
 MIE_API int __mie_vector_push_back(
 	void **vector, const void *item, size_t item_size, size_t *count,
-	size_t *max);
+	size_t *max, const struct mie_vector_ops *ops);
 MIE_API void __mie_vector_pop_back(
-	void **vector, size_t item_size, size_t *count, size_t *max);
+	void **vector, size_t item_size, size_t *count, size_t *max,
+	const struct mie_vector_ops *ops);
 MIE_API void *__mie_vector_emplace_back(
-	void **vector, size_t item_size, size_t *count, size_t *max);
+	void **vector, size_t item_size, size_t *count, size_t *max,
+	const struct mie_vector_ops *ops);
+MIE_API void __mie_vector_trim(
+	void **vector, size_t item_size, size_t *count, size_t *max,
+	const struct mie_vector_ops *ops);
 MIE_API void __mie_vector_destroy(
 	void **vector, size_t item_size, size_t *count, size_t *max,
-	void (*dtor)(void *));
+	const struct mie_vector_ops *ops);
 
 #endif

mie/ir/block.c

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/register.h>
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_first_op(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_first(&block->b_ops);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_prev_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *before)
+{
+	if (!before || before->op_container != block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_prev(&before->op_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_next_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *after)
+{
+	if (!after || after->op_container != block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_next(&after->op_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_last_op(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&block->b_ops);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_terminator(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *op_entry = b_queue_last(&block->b_ops);
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, op_entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_first_successor(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[0];
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_prev_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *before)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = before - &op->op_successors.items[0];
+	if (i == 0 || i >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[i - 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_next_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *after)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = after - &op->op_successors.items[0];
+	if (i >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (i + 1 >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[i + 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_last_successor(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t nr_successors = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors);
+
+	if (nr_successors == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[nr_successors - 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_first_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	size_t nr_predecessors = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred);
+
+	if (nr_predecessors == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[0];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_prev_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *before)
+{
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = before - &block->b_ipred.items[0];
+	if (i == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[i - 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_next_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *after)
+{
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = after - &block->b_ipred.items[0];
+	if (i >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (i + 1 >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[i + 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_last_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	size_t nr_predecessors = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred);
+
+	if (nr_predecessors == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[nr_predecessors - 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op(struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = malloc(sizeof *op);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	mie_op_init(op);
+	op->op_container = block;
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&block->b_ops, &op->op_entry);
+
+	return op;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op_after(struct mie_block *block, struct mie_op *after)
+{
+	if (after && after->op_container != block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op *op = malloc(sizeof *op);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	mie_op_init(op);
+	op->op_container = block;
+
+	if (after) {
+		b_queue_insert_after(&block->b_ops, &op->op_entry, &after->op_entry);
+	} else {
+		b_queue_push_back(&block->b_ops, &op->op_entry);
+	}
+
+	return op;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_block_add_param(struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	struct mie_register *result = mie_vector_emplace_back(
+		block->b_params, &mie_register_vector_ops);
+	result->reg_flags = MIE_REGISTER_F_VIRTUAL | MIE_REGISTER_F_BLOCK_PARAM;
+	result->reg_block = block;
+	result->reg_op = NULL;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_block_find_register(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_op *start_point)
+{
+	const b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&block->b_ops);
+	if (start_point) {
+		entry = &start_point->op_entry;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_params); i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(block->b_params.items[i].reg_name.n_str, name)) {
+			return &block->b_params.items[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	while (entry) {
+		struct mie_op *op = b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+		struct mie_register *reg = mie_op_get_result_with_name(op, name);
+		if (reg) {
+			return reg;
+		}
+
+		entry = b_queue_prev(entry);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}

mie/ir/builder.c

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/builder.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+
+struct builder_scope {
+	b_queue_entry s_entry;
+	struct mie_op *s_op;
+	struct mie_region *s_region;
+	struct mie_block *s_block;
+};
+
+struct mie_builder {
+	struct mie_emitter b_base;
+	struct mie_ctx *b_ctx;
+	b_queue b_scope_stack;
+	struct mie_op *b_root;
+	struct mie_op *b_prev_op;
+};
+
+struct mie_builder *mie_builder_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *root)
+{
+	struct mie_builder *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+
+	out->b_base.e_get_ctx = (mie_emit_get_ctx)mie_builder_get_ctx;
+	out->b_base.e_put_op = (mie_emit_put_op)mie_builder_put_op;
+	out->b_base.e_put_name = (mie_emit_put_name)mie_builder_put_name;
+	out->b_base.e_put_block = NULL;
+
+	out->b_ctx = ctx;
+	out->b_root = root;
+
+	mie_builder_step_into_op(out, root);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+struct mie_ctx *mie_builder_get_ctx(struct mie_builder *builder)
+{
+	return builder->b_ctx;
+}
+
+static struct mie_name_map *get_current_name_map(struct mie_builder *builder)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_last(&builder->b_scope_stack);
+	while (cur) {
+		struct builder_scope *scope
+			= b_unbox(struct builder_scope, cur, s_entry);
+
+		if (scope->s_region && scope->s_region->r_names) {
+			return scope->s_region->r_names;
+		}
+
+		cur = b_queue_prev(cur);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_builder_get_current_block(struct mie_builder *builder)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&builder->b_scope_stack);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct builder_scope *scope
+		= b_unbox(struct builder_scope, entry, s_entry);
+
+	return scope->s_block;
+}
+
+void mie_builder_step_into_op(struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_get_last_region(op);
+
+	if (!region) {
+		region = mie_op_add_region(op);
+	}
+
+	mie_builder_step_into_region(builder, region);
+}
+
+void mie_builder_step_into_region(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	struct mie_block *block = mie_region_get_last_block(region);
+
+	if (!block) {
+		block = mie_region_add_block(region);
+	}
+
+	mie_builder_step_into_block(builder, block);
+}
+
+void mie_builder_step_into_block(struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	struct builder_scope *scope = malloc(sizeof *scope);
+	if (!scope) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	memset(scope, 0x0, sizeof *scope);
+
+	scope->s_block = block;
+	scope->s_region = block->b_parent;
+	scope->s_op = scope->s_region->r_parent;
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&builder->b_scope_stack, &scope->s_entry);
+}
+
+void mie_builder_step_out(struct mie_builder *builder)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&builder->b_scope_stack);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	struct builder_scope *scope
+		= b_unbox(struct builder_scope, entry, s_entry);
+	b_queue_delete(&builder->b_scope_stack, entry);
+	free(scope);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_builder_put_op(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, const char *dialect, const char *op_name,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args)
+{
+	struct mie_block *block = mie_builder_get_current_block(builder);
+
+	const struct mie_op_definition *op_def
+		= mie_ctx_get_op_definition(builder->b_ctx, dialect, op_name);
+	if (!op_def) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_add_op(block);
+	op->op_flags = MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED;
+	op->op_info = op_def;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_args; i++) {
+		struct mie_op_arg *arg = mie_op_add_arg(op);
+		arg->arg_flags = MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = args[i];
+		arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+		b_queue_push_back(&args[i]->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+	}
+
+	return op;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_builder_put_name(
+	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint)
+{
+	struct mie_name_map *map = get_current_name_map(builder);
+	if (!map) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_name *result = mie_name_map_put(map, name, hint, 0);
+
+	return result ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NAME_EXISTS;
+}

mie/ir/emit.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
+
+struct mie_ctx *mie_emitter_get_ctx(struct mie_emitter *emitter)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_get_ctx) {
+		return emitter->e_get_ctx(emitter);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_emitter_put_name(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_put_name) {
+		return emitter->e_put_name(emitter, name, hint);
+	}
+
+	return MIE_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_emitter_put_op(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name, struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_put_op) {
+		return emitter->e_put_op(
+			emitter, dialect_name, op_name, args, nr_args);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_emitter_put_block(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_block *insert_point)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_put_block) {
+		return emitter->e_put_block(emitter, insert_point);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}

mie/ir/module.c

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#include <mie/ir/module.h>
-#include <mie/ir/op.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-struct mie_module *mie_module_create(void)
-{
-	struct mie_module *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
-	if (!out) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
-
-	out->m_names = mie_name_map_create(NULL);
-
-	return out;
-}
-
-void mie_module_destroy(struct mie_module *mod)
-{
-	/* TODO */
-}
-
-struct mie_op *mie_module_add_op(struct mie_module *mod)
-{
-	return mie_vector_emplace_back(mod->m_ops);
-}

mie/ir/op-arg.c

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+
+const struct mie_type *mie_op_arg_get_type(const struct mie_op_arg *arg)
+{
+	if (arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED) {
+		return arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_type;
+	}
+
+	return arg->arg_unresolved.reg_type;
+}

mie/ir/op.c

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static enum mie_status op_arg_cleanup(void *p)
+{
+	struct mie_op_arg *arg = p;
+
+	if (arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED) {
+		b_queue_delete(
+			&arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status op_arg_move(void *dst, void *src, size_t itemsz)
+{
+	assert(itemsz == sizeof(struct mie_op_arg));
+	struct mie_op_arg *dest_arg = dst, *src_arg = src;
+	memmove(dest_arg, src_arg, sizeof *src_arg);
+
+	if (src_arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED) {
+		mie_register_use_move(&dest_arg->arg_value, &src_arg->arg_value);
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+struct mie_vector_ops op_arg_vector_ops = {
+	.v_destroy = op_arg_cleanup,
+	.v_move = op_arg_move,
+};
+
+struct mie_op *mie_op_create(void)
+{
+	struct mie_op *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	mie_op_init(out);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+void mie_op_destroy(struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	mie_op_cleanup(op);
+	free(op);
+}
+
+void mie_op_init(struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	memset(op, 0x0, sizeof *op);
+
+	mie_attribute_map_init(&op->op_attrib);
+}
+
+void mie_op_cleanup(struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	/* TODO */
+}
+
+size_t mie_op_get_name(const struct mie_op *op, char *out, size_t max)
+{
+	if (!(op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED)) {
+		return snprintf(out, max, "%s", op->op_name);
+	}
+
+	return snprintf(
+		out, max, "%s.%s", op->op_info->op_parent->d_name,
+		op->op_info->op_name);
+}
+
+struct mie_op_arg *mie_op_add_arg(struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	return mie_vector_emplace_back(op->op_args, &op_arg_vector_ops);
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_op_add_result(struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_type *ty)
+{
+	struct mie_register *result = mie_vector_emplace_back(
+		op->op_result, &mie_register_vector_ops);
+	result->reg_flags = MIE_REGISTER_F_VIRTUAL | MIE_REGISTER_F_OP_RESULT;
+	result->reg_type = ty;
+	result->reg_op = op;
+	result->reg_block = op->op_container;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_op_add_successor(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *block, struct mie_register **args,
+	size_t nr_args)
+{
+	struct mie_op_successor *s
+		= mie_vector_emplace_back(op->op_successors, NULL);
+
+	s->s_flags = MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED;
+	s->s_block = block;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_args; i++) {
+		struct mie_op_arg *arg
+			= mie_vector_emplace_back(s->s_args, &op_arg_vector_ops);
+
+		arg->arg_flags = MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = args[i];
+		arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+		b_queue_push_back(&args[i]->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+	}
+
+	return s;
+}
+
+static bool is_isolated(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	if (!(op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_trait *isolated = mie_trait_table_get_unique(
+		&op->op_info->op_traits, "builtin", "isolated-from-above");
+	return isolated != NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_add_region(struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	bool isolated = is_isolated(op);
+
+	struct mie_region *region = malloc(sizeof *region);
+	if (!region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	region->r_parent = op;
+
+	if (isolated) {
+		region->r_names = mie_name_map_create(NULL);
+	}
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&op->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+
+	return region;
+}
+
+bool mie_op_is(const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name)
+{
+	if (!op->op_info || !op->op_info->op_parent) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(op->op_info->op_parent->d_name, dialect_name) != 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(op->op_info->op_name, op_name) != 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool mie_op_has_trait(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *trait_name)
+{
+	if (!op->op_info) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (mie_trait_table_get_unique(
+		    &op->op_info->op_traits, dialect_name, trait_name)) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_trait_table_iterator it;
+	enum mie_status status = mie_trait_table_get_generic(
+		&op->op_info->op_traits, dialect_name, trait_name, &it);
+
+	return (status == MIE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+bool mie_op_has_interface(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *iface_name)
+{
+	if (!op->op_info) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_interface *p = mie_interface_map_get(
+		&op->op_info->op_iface, dialect_name, iface_name);
+	return p != NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_first_region(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_first(&op->op_regions);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_prev_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *before)
+{
+	if (!before || before->r_parent != op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_prev(&before->r_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_next_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *after)
+{
+	if (!after || after->r_parent != op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_next(&after->r_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_last_region(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&op->op_regions);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_op_get_arg(const struct mie_op *op, size_t index)
+{
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) <= index) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_arg *arg = &op->op_args.items[index];
+	if (!(arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return arg->arg_value.u_reg;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_op_get_result_with_name(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *name)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(op->op_result.items[i].reg_name.n_str, name)) {
+			return &op->op_result.items[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_op_get_first_child_op(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	struct mie_region *first_region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	if (!first_region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *first_block = mie_region_get_first_block(first_region);
+	if (!first_block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return mie_block_get_first_op(first_block);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_op_get_last_child_op(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	struct mie_region *last_region = mie_op_get_last_region(op);
+	if (!last_region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *last_block = mie_region_get_last_block(last_region);
+	if (!last_block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return mie_block_get_last_op(last_block);
+}

mie/ir/region.c

@@ -1,18 +1,132 @@
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_first_block(const struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_prev_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *before)
+{
+	if (!before || before->b_parent != region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_prev(&before->b_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_next_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *after)
+{
+	if (!after || after->b_parent != region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_next(&after->b_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_last_block(const struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&region->r_blocks);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
 struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block(struct mie_region *region)
 {
 	struct mie_block *block = malloc(sizeof *block);
+
 	if (!block) {
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
 	memset(block, 0x0, sizeof *block);
+	block->b_parent = region;
+	block->b_id = MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
 
-	mie_vector_push_back(region->r_blocks, &block);
+	b_queue_push_back(&region->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
 
 	return block;
 }
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_after(
+	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *after)
+{
+	if (after->b_parent != region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *block = malloc(sizeof *block);
+
+	if (!block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(block, 0x0, sizeof *block);
+	block->b_parent = region;
+
+	b_queue_insert_after(&region->r_blocks, &block->b_entry, &after->b_entry);
+
+	return block;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_find_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		if (!strcmp(block->b_name.n_str, name)) {
+			return block;
+		}
+
+		cur = b_queue_next(cur);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_region_find_register(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		struct mie_register *reg
+			= mie_block_find_register(block, name, NULL);
+		if (reg) {
+			return reg;
+		}
+
+		cur = b_queue_next(cur);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}

mie/ir/register.c

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+#include <mie/ir/register.h>
+
+static enum mie_status reg_cleanup(void *p)
+{
+	mie_register_cleanup(p);
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status reg_move(void *dst, void *src, size_t itemsz)
+{
+	assert(itemsz == sizeof(struct mie_register));
+	struct mie_register *dest_reg = dst, *src_reg = src;
+	mie_register_move(dest_reg, src_reg);
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status reg_use_cleanup(void *p)
+{
+	mie_register_use_cleanup(p);
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status reg_use_move(void *dst, void *src, size_t itemsz)
+{
+	assert(itemsz == sizeof(struct mie_register_use));
+	struct mie_register_use *dest_reg = dst, *src_reg = src;
+	mie_register_use_move(dest_reg, src_reg);
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+struct mie_vector_ops mie_register_vector_ops = {
+	.v_destroy = reg_cleanup,
+	.v_move = reg_move,
+};
+
+void mie_register_move(struct mie_register *dest, struct mie_register *src)
+{
+	memmove(dest, src, sizeof *dest);
+
+	if (src->reg_flags & MIE_REGISTER_F_VIRTUAL) {
+		mie_name_move(&dest->reg_name, &src->reg_name);
+	}
+}
+
+void mie_register_cleanup(struct mie_register *reg)
+{
+	if (reg->reg_flags & MIE_REGISTER_F_VIRTUAL) {
+		mie_name_destroy(&reg->reg_name);
+	}
+}
+
+void mie_register_use_move(
+	struct mie_register_use *dest, struct mie_register_use *src)
+{
+	memmove(dest, src, sizeof *dest);
+
+	if (src->u_reg) {
+		b_queue_move(&src->u_reg->reg_use, &src->u_entry, &dest->u_entry);
+	}
+}
+
+void mie_register_use_cleanup(struct mie_register_use *use)
+{
+	if (use->u_reg) {
+		b_queue_delete(&use->u_reg->reg_use, &use->u_entry);
+	}
+}

mie/ir/resolve.c

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/ir/register.h>
+
+enum register_find_result {
+	REG_FIND_NONE = 0,
+	REG_FIND_USE_BEFORE_DEFINE,
+	REG_FIND_UNDOMINATED,
+	REG_FIND_ISOLATED,
+};
+
+bool mie_op_resolve_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	const char *dialect_name = NULL, *op_name = NULL;
+
+	char *dot = strchr(op->op_name, '.');
+	if (dot) {
+		*dot = 0;
+		dialect_name = op->op_name;
+		op_name = dot + 1;
+	} else {
+		dialect_name = NULL;
+		op_name = op->op_name;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_dialect *dialect = mie_ctx_get_dialect(ctx, dialect_name);
+	if (dot) {
+		*dot = '.';
+	}
+
+	/* dialect_name is no longer valid after this point */
+	dialect_name = NULL;
+
+	if (!dialect) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_definition *op_info
+		= mie_dialect_get_op(dialect, op_name);
+	if (!op_info) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	op->op_info = op_info;
+
+	free(op->op_name);
+	op->op_name = NULL;
+
+	op->op_flags |= MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static enum register_find_result find_register_wide(
+	struct mie_op *op, const char *name, struct mie_register **out)
+{
+	struct mie_region *region = op->op_container->b_parent;
+	enum register_find_result result = REG_FIND_UNDOMINATED;
+	struct mie_register *reg = NULL;
+
+	while (region) {
+		reg = mie_region_find_register(region, name);
+		if (reg) {
+			*out = reg;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		struct mie_op *op = region->r_parent;
+		if (mie_op_has_trait(op, "builtin", "isolated-from-above")) {
+			result = REG_FIND_ISOLATED;
+		}
+
+		region = op->op_container ? op->op_container->b_parent : NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (!reg) {
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	if (reg->reg_block == op->op_container) {
+		return REG_FIND_USE_BEFORE_DEFINE;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static bool resolve_arg(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_arg *arg, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	const char *arg_name = arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name;
+	struct mie_block *block = op->op_container;
+	struct mie_op *search_start = op;
+	struct mie_register *reg = NULL;
+
+	while (block) {
+		reg = mie_block_find_register(block, arg_name, search_start);
+		if (reg) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		search_start = NULL;
+		block = block->b_idom;
+	}
+
+	if (reg) {
+		free(arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name);
+		arg->arg_flags |= MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+
+		memset(&arg->arg_value, 0x0, sizeof arg->arg_value);
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = reg;
+		arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+		b_queue_push_back(&reg->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	enum register_find_result find_result
+		= find_register_wide(op, arg_name, &reg);
+
+	struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_push_diag(
+		ctx, op->op_src, &arg->arg_span.s_start, "builtin",
+		MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_VALUE);
+	mie_diag_push_msg(diag, ctx, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRESOLVED_VALUE);
+
+	struct mie_diag_highlight hl[] = {
+		{
+			.hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR,
+			.hl_span = arg->arg_span,
+		},
+	};
+
+	mie_diag_push_snippet(
+		diag, arg->arg_span.s_start.c_row, arg->arg_span.s_end.c_row,
+		NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+
+	if (!reg) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *reg_container = reg->reg_block;
+
+	switch (find_result) {
+	case REG_FIND_ISOLATED:
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_OUTSIDE_ISOLATED_REGION);
+		break;
+	case REG_FIND_UNDOMINATED:
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_NON_DOMINANT_BLOCK);
+		break;
+	case REG_FIND_USE_BEFORE_DEFINE:
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_AFTER_USE);
+		break;
+	default:
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	hl[0].hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_HINT;
+	hl[0].hl_span = reg->reg_span;
+
+	mie_diag_push_snippet(
+		diag, reg->reg_span.s_start.c_row, reg->reg_span.s_end.c_row,
+		NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+
+	if (!reg_container) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	hl[0].hl_span = reg_container->b_name.n_span;
+
+	mie_diag_push_snippet(
+		diag, reg_container->b_name.n_span.s_start.c_row,
+		reg_container->b_name.n_span.s_end.c_row, NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool resolve_successor(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_successor *s, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (s->s_flags & MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *container = op->op_container;
+	struct mie_region *region = container ? container->b_parent : NULL;
+	if (!region) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_diag *diag = NULL;
+	struct mie_block *dest = mie_region_find_block(region, s->s_block_name);
+	if (!dest) {
+		diag = mie_ctx_push_diag(
+			ctx, op->op_src, &s->s_name_span.s_start, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR);
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK);
+		const struct mie_diag_highlight hl[] = {
+			{
+				.hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR,
+				.hl_span = s->s_name_span,
+			},
+		};
+		mie_diag_push_snippet(
+			diag, s->s_name_span.s_start.c_row,
+			s->s_name_span.s_end.c_row, NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	free(s->s_block_name);
+	s->s_block = dest;
+	s->s_flags |= MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool mie_op_resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	bool ok = true;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (!resolve_arg(op, &op->op_args.items[i], ctx)) {
+			ok = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors); i++) {
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = &op->op_successors.items[i];
+		for (size_t k = 0; k < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(s->s_args); k++) {
+			if (!resolve_arg(op, &s->s_args.items[k], ctx)) {
+				ok = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok;
+}
+
+bool mie_op_resolve_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	bool ok = true;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors); i++) {
+		if (!resolve_successor(op, &op->op_successors.items[i], ctx)) {
+			ok = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok;
+}

mie/ir/walk.c

@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/ir/walk.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define WALK_ITEM_F_CHILDREN_VISITED 0x01u
+#define WALK_ITEM_F_VISITED          0x02u
+
+#define ITEM_TYPE(f)                 ((f) & 0x0Fu)
+
+static bool should_ignore_item(
+	const struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_walk_item *item)
+{
+	switch (item->i_type) {
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+		return (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS) == 0;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+		return (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS) == 0;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+		return (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_REGIONS) == 0;
+	default:
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+static void push_walk_item(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_walk_item *item)
+{
+	struct mie_walk_item *i = malloc(sizeof *i);
+	if (!i) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	memcpy(i, item, sizeof *i);
+	b_queue_push_back(&walker->w_stack, &i->_e);
+}
+
+static void pop_walk_item(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_pop_back(&walker->w_stack);
+	if (entry) {
+		struct mie_walk_item *item
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_walk_item, entry, _e);
+		free(item);
+	}
+}
+
+static struct mie_walk_item *current_item(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	struct mie_walk_item *item = NULL;
+	bool recursive = (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE) != 0;
+	if (!recursive) {
+		if (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_REGIONS) {
+			item = &walker->w_region;
+		} else if (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS) {
+			item = &walker->w_block;
+		} else {
+			item = &walker->w_op;
+		}
+
+		bool eof = !item || item->i_type != MIE_WALK_ITEM_NONE;
+		return eof ? item : NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&walker->w_stack);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	item = b_unbox(struct mie_walk_item, entry, _e);
+	return item->i_type != MIE_WALK_ITEM_NONE ? item : NULL;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static struct mie_op *get_first_child(struct mie_walker *walker, struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	bool backwards = (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_BACKWARD) != 0;
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions) == 0) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		size_t region_index
+			= backwards ? MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions) - 1 : 0;
+		struct mie_region *region = &op->op_regions.items[region_index];
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(region->r_blocks) == 0) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		size_t block_index
+			= backwards ? MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(region->r_blocks) - 1 : 0;
+		struct mie_block *block = &region->r_blocks.items[block_index];
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ops) == 0) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		size_t op_index
+			= backwards ? MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ops) - 1 : 0;
+		op = &block->b_ops.items[op_index];
+	}
+
+	return op;
+}
+#endif
+
+static bool walk_item_has_children(const struct mie_walk_item *item)
+{
+	switch (item->i_type) {
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+		return mie_op_get_first_region(item->i_op) != NULL;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+		return mie_block_get_first_op(item->i_block) != NULL;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+		return mie_region_get_first_block(item->i_region) != NULL;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool should_correct_depth(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_walk_item *item)
+{
+	if (should_ignore_item(walker, item)) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	size_t temp = 0;
+	switch (item->i_type) {
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+		return false;   //(walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS) == 0;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool walk_item_get_first_child(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_walk_item *item,
+	struct mie_walk_item *child)
+{
+	bool ok = false;
+	b_queue_entry *entry = NULL;
+
+	switch (item->i_type) {
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+		child->i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION;
+		child->i_region = mie_op_get_first_region(item->i_op);
+		ok = child->i_region != NULL;
+		break;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+		child->i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP;
+		child->i_op = mie_block_get_first_op(item->i_block);
+		ok = child->i_op != NULL;
+		break;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+		child->i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK;
+		child->i_block = mie_region_get_first_block(item->i_region);
+		ok = child->i_block != NULL;
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (!ok) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	child->i_depth = item->i_depth + 1;
+
+	if (should_correct_depth(walker, item)) {
+		child->i_depth--;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool walk_item_get_last_child(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_walk_item *item,
+	struct mie_walk_item *child)
+{
+	bool ok = false;
+	b_queue_entry *entry = NULL;
+
+	switch (item->i_type) {
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+		child->i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION;
+		child->i_region = mie_op_get_last_region(item->i_op);
+		ok = child->i_region != NULL;
+		break;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+		child->i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP;
+		child->i_op = mie_block_get_last_op(item->i_block);
+		ok = child->i_op != NULL;
+		break;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+		child->i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK;
+		child->i_block = mie_region_get_last_block(item->i_region);
+		ok = child->i_block != NULL;
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (!ok) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	child->i_depth = item->i_depth + 1;
+
+	if (should_correct_depth(walker, item)) {
+		child->i_depth--;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool walk_item_get_next_sibling(
+	const struct mie_walk_item *item, struct mie_walk_item *sibling)
+{
+	if (item->i_depth == 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	sibling->i_depth = item->i_depth;
+	sibling->i_type = item->i_type;
+
+	size_t index = 0;
+	b_queue_entry *entry = NULL;
+	struct mie_region *parent_r = NULL;
+	struct mie_block *parent_b = NULL;
+	struct mie_op *parent_o = NULL;
+
+	switch (item->i_type) {
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+		parent_b = item->i_op->op_container;
+		if (!parent_b) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		sibling->i_op = mie_block_get_next_op(parent_b, item->i_op);
+		return sibling->i_op != NULL;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+		parent_r = item->i_block->b_parent;
+		if (!parent_r) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		sibling->i_block
+			= mie_region_get_next_block(parent_r, item->i_block);
+		return sibling->i_block != NULL;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+		parent_o = item->i_region->r_parent;
+		if (!parent_o) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		sibling->i_region
+			= mie_op_get_next_region(parent_o, item->i_region);
+		return sibling->i_region != NULL;
+	default:
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool walk_item_get_prev_sibling(
+	const struct mie_walk_item *item, struct mie_walk_item *sibling)
+{
+	if (item->i_depth == 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	sibling->i_depth = item->i_depth;
+	sibling->i_type = item->i_type;
+
+	size_t index = 0;
+	struct mie_region *parent_r = NULL;
+	struct mie_block *parent_b = NULL;
+	struct mie_op *parent_o = NULL;
+
+	switch (item->i_type) {
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+		parent_b = item->i_op->op_container;
+		if (!parent_b) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		sibling->i_op = mie_block_get_prev_op(parent_b, item->i_op);
+		return sibling->i_op != NULL;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+		parent_r = item->i_block->b_parent;
+		if (!parent_r) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		sibling->i_block
+			= mie_region_get_prev_block(parent_r, item->i_block);
+		return sibling->i_block != NULL;
+	case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+		parent_o = item->i_region->r_parent;
+		if (!parent_o) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		sibling->i_region
+			= mie_op_get_prev_region(parent_o, item->i_region);
+		return sibling->i_region != NULL;
+	default:
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+static void print_stack(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&walker->w_stack);
+
+	while (entry) {
+		struct mie_walk_item *item
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_walk_item, entry, _e);
+
+		switch (item->i_type) {
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+			printf("* %zu: op %p", item->i_depth, item->i_op);
+			if (item->i_op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
+				printf(" %s.%s",
+				       item->i_op->op_info->op_parent->d_name,
+				       item->i_op->op_info->op_name);
+			} else {
+				printf(" %s", item->i_op->op_name);
+			}
+			break;
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+			printf("* %zu: block %p %s", item->i_depth,
+			       item->i_block, item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
+			break;
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+			printf("* %zu: region %p", item->i_depth, item->i_region);
+			break;
+		default:
+			printf(" unknown");
+			break;
+		}
+
+		printf("\n");
+
+		entry = b_queue_prev(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+static bool step_pre_f(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	/* forward, pre-order traversal:
+	 * if this item has children, we need to visit the first one.
+	 * if this item has no children, we need to visit the next sibling.
+	 * if this is the last sibling, step up until we find an item that
+	 * has a next sibling.
+	 * if no item is found, we are done. */
+
+	struct mie_walk_item *item = current_item(walker);
+	struct mie_walk_item next;
+
+	bool ok = false;
+	bool has_children = walk_item_has_children(item);
+	if (has_children) {
+		ok = walk_item_get_first_child(walker, item, &next);
+
+		if (ok) {
+			push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+		}
+
+		return ok;
+	}
+
+	if (walk_item_get_next_sibling(item, &next)) {
+		pop_walk_item(walker);
+		push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	static int i = 0;
+	while (1) {
+		pop_walk_item(walker);
+		struct mie_walk_item *parent = current_item(walker);
+		if (!parent) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		ok = walk_item_get_next_sibling(parent, &next);
+
+		if (ok) {
+			pop_walk_item(walker);
+			push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok;
+}
+
+static bool step_pre_b(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	/* backward, pre-order traversal:
+	 * if this item has children, we need to visit the last one.
+	 * if this item has no children, we need to visit the previous sibling.
+	 * if this is the first sibling, step up until we find an item that
+	 * has a previous sibling.
+	 * if no item is found, we are done. */
+
+	struct mie_walk_item *item = current_item(walker);
+	struct mie_walk_item next;
+
+	bool ok = false;
+	bool has_children = walk_item_has_children(item);
+	if (has_children) {
+		ok = walk_item_get_last_child(walker, item, &next);
+
+		if (ok) {
+			push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+		}
+
+		return ok;
+	}
+
+	if (walk_item_get_prev_sibling(item, &next)) {
+		pop_walk_item(walker);
+		push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	static int i = 0;
+	while (1) {
+		pop_walk_item(walker);
+		struct mie_walk_item *parent = current_item(walker);
+		if (!parent) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		ok = walk_item_get_prev_sibling(parent, &next);
+
+		if (ok) {
+			pop_walk_item(walker);
+			push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok;
+}
+
+static bool step_post_f(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	/* forward, post-order traversal:
+	 * if this item has children:
+	 *    if they have already been visited, visit the item itself
+	 *    if they haven't been visited yet, visit the first one.
+	 * if this item has a next sibling, move to the sibling and goto step 1.
+	 * if this item is the last child, we need to visit the parent next. */
+	struct mie_walk_item *item = current_item(walker);
+	item->_f |= WALK_ITEM_F_VISITED;
+
+	struct mie_walk_item next;
+	bool ok = false;
+
+	while (1) {
+		item = current_item(walker);
+		bool has_children = walk_item_has_children(item);
+
+		if (has_children && !(item->_f & WALK_ITEM_F_CHILDREN_VISITED)) {
+			ok = walk_item_get_first_child(walker, item, &next);
+
+			if (ok) {
+				push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+			}
+
+			return ok;
+		}
+
+		if (!has_children && !(item->_f & WALK_ITEM_F_VISITED)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		if (walk_item_get_next_sibling(item, &next)) {
+			pop_walk_item(walker);
+			push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		pop_walk_item(walker);
+		struct mie_walk_item *parent = current_item(walker);
+		if (parent) {
+			parent->_f |= WALK_ITEM_F_CHILDREN_VISITED;
+		}
+
+		return parent != NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool step_flat_f(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	struct mie_walk_item *stack[] = {
+		&walker->w_region,
+		&walker->w_block,
+		&walker->w_op,
+	};
+	const int stack_size = sizeof stack / sizeof stack[0];
+
+	int start;
+	if (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_REGIONS) {
+		start = 0;
+	} else if (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS) {
+		start = 1;
+	} else {
+		start = 2;
+	}
+
+	int i;
+	for (i = start; i >= 0; i--) {
+		struct mie_walk_item *item = stack[i];
+		struct mie_walk_item next;
+		if (walk_item_get_next_sibling(item, &next)) {
+			*item = next;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (i < 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	for (int k = i; k < stack_size - 1; k++) {
+		struct mie_walk_item *parent = stack[k];
+		struct mie_walk_item *child = stack[k + 1];
+
+		if (!walk_item_get_first_child(walker, parent, child)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool step_flat_b(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool step_post_b(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	/* backward, post-order traversal:
+	 * if this item has children:
+	 *    if they have already been visited, visit the item itself
+	 *    if they haven't been visited yet, visit the last one.
+	 * if this item has a previous sibling, move to the sibling and goto step 1.
+	 * if this item is the first child, we need to visit the parent next. */
+	struct mie_walk_item *item = current_item(walker);
+	item->_f |= WALK_ITEM_F_VISITED;
+
+	struct mie_walk_item next;
+	bool ok = false;
+
+	while (1) {
+		item = current_item(walker);
+		bool has_children = walk_item_has_children(item);
+
+		if (has_children && !(item->_f & WALK_ITEM_F_CHILDREN_VISITED)) {
+			ok = walk_item_get_last_child(walker, item, &next);
+
+			if (ok) {
+				push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+			}
+
+			return ok;
+		}
+
+		if (!has_children && !(item->_f & WALK_ITEM_F_VISITED)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		if (walk_item_get_prev_sibling(item, &next)) {
+			pop_walk_item(walker);
+			push_walk_item(walker, &next);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		pop_walk_item(walker);
+		struct mie_walk_item *parent = current_item(walker);
+		if (parent) {
+			parent->_f |= WALK_ITEM_F_CHILDREN_VISITED;
+		}
+
+		return parent != NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool step(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	bool recursive = (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE) != 0;
+	bool backward = (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_BACKWARD) != 0;
+	bool postorder = (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_POSTORDER) != 0;
+
+	if (!recursive) {
+		return backward ? step_flat_b(walker) : step_flat_f(walker);
+	} else if (postorder) {
+		return backward ? step_post_b(walker) : step_post_f(walker);
+	} else {
+		return backward ? step_pre_b(walker) : step_pre_f(walker);
+	}
+}
+
+static enum mie_status prepare_flat_traversal(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	bool backward = (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_BACKWARD) != 0;
+	bool ok = false;
+	enum mie_walk_item_type target_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_NONE;
+	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
+
+	struct mie_walk_item root = {};
+	root.i_op = (struct mie_op *)op;
+	root.i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP;
+
+	if (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_REGIONS) {
+		target_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION;
+	} else if (walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS) {
+		target_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK;
+	} else {
+		target_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP;
+	}
+
+	bool has_children = walk_item_has_children(&root);
+	if (!has_children) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	}
+
+	if (backward) {
+		ok = walk_item_get_last_child(walker, &root, &walker->w_region);
+		status = ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	} else {
+		ok = walk_item_get_first_child(walker, &root, &walker->w_region);
+		status = ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	}
+
+	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		return status;
+	}
+
+	if (target_type == MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION) {
+		walker->w_region.i_depth = 1;
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	has_children = walk_item_has_children(&walker->w_region);
+	if (!has_children) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	}
+
+	if (backward) {
+		ok = walk_item_get_last_child(
+			walker, &walker->w_region, &walker->w_block);
+		status = ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	} else {
+		ok = walk_item_get_first_child(
+			walker, &walker->w_region, &walker->w_block);
+		status = ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	}
+
+	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		return status;
+	}
+
+	if (target_type == MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK) {
+		walker->w_block.i_depth = 1;
+		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	has_children = walk_item_has_children(&walker->w_block);
+	if (!has_children) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	}
+
+	if (backward) {
+		ok = walk_item_get_last_child(
+			walker, &walker->w_block, &walker->w_op);
+		status = ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	} else {
+		ok = walk_item_get_first_child(
+			walker, &walker->w_block, &walker->w_op);
+		status = ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+	}
+
+	walker->w_op.i_depth = 1;
+	return status;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status prepare_preorder_traversal(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_op *root)
+{
+	struct mie_walk_item *item = malloc(sizeof *item);
+	if (!item) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	memset(item, 0x0, sizeof *item);
+	item->i_op = (struct mie_op *)root;
+	item->i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP;
+
+	push_walk_item(walker, item);
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status prepare_postorder_traversal(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_op *root)
+{
+	struct mie_walk_item item = {};
+	item.i_op = (struct mie_op *)root;
+	item.i_type = MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP;
+
+	push_walk_item(walker, &item);
+
+	bool backward = walker->w_flags & MIE_WALKER_F_BACKWARD;
+	bool ok = false;
+
+	while (1) {
+		struct mie_walk_item *current = current_item(walker);
+		struct mie_walk_item child;
+		bool has_children = walk_item_has_children(current);
+		if (!has_children) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		bool ok = false;
+
+		if (backward) {
+			ok = walk_item_get_last_child(walker, current, &child);
+		} else {
+			ok = walk_item_get_first_child(walker, current, &child);
+		}
+
+		if (!ok) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		push_walk_item(walker, &child);
+	}
+
+	return ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+}
+
+void mie_walker_begin(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_op *op,
+	enum mie_walker_flags flags)
+{
+	memset(walker, 0x0, sizeof *walker);
+
+	walker->w_flags = flags;
+
+	if (!(flags & MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE)) {
+		prepare_flat_traversal(walker, op);
+	} else if (flags & MIE_WALKER_F_POSTORDER) {
+		prepare_postorder_traversal(walker, op);
+	} else {
+		prepare_preorder_traversal(walker, op);
+	}
+
+	struct mie_walk_item *cur = current_item(walker);
+	if (cur && should_ignore_item(walker, cur)) {
+		mie_walker_step(walker);
+	}
+}
+
+void mie_walker_end(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	/* TODO */
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_walker_step(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	struct mie_walk_item *cur = current_item(walker);
+	bool ok = false;
+
+	do {
+		ok = step(walker);
+		cur = current_item(walker);
+	} while (ok && cur && should_ignore_item(walker, cur));
+
+	return (ok && cur) ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_DATA;
+}
+
+struct mie_walk_item *mie_walker_get(struct mie_walker *walker)
+{
+	return current_item(walker);
+}

mie/lt-idom.c

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+struct set {
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(unsigned int, v);
+};
+
+struct dfs_stack_item {
+	struct mie_block *i_parent, *i_node;
+};
+
+struct lt_ctx {
+	size_t nr_nodes;
+	struct mie_block **vertex;
+	struct set *bucket;
+	unsigned int *semi;
+	unsigned int *idom;
+	unsigned int *samedom;
+	unsigned int *parent;
+	unsigned int *ancestor;
+	unsigned int *label;
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct dfs_stack_item, dfstack);
+};
+
+#if 0
+static B_BTREE_DEFINE_SIMPLE_INSERT(struct mie_block, b_node, b_id, put_block_by_id);
+static B_BTREE_DEFINE_SIMPLE_GET(
+	struct mie_block, size_t, b_node, b_id, get_block_by_id);
+#endif
+
+static void set_add(struct set *set, unsigned int val)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(set->v); i++) {
+		if (set->v.items[i] == val) {
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mie_vector_push_back(set->v, &val, NULL);
+}
+
+static struct mie_block *pop_block_successor(
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_block *, successors))
+{
+	size_t count = mie_vector_ref_get_count(successors);
+	if (count == 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *out = mie_vector_ref_get_item(successors, count - 1);
+	mie_vector_ref_pop_back(successors, NULL);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+static void enqueue_block_successors(
+	struct mie_block *block,
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_block *, successors))
+{
+	struct mie_op_successor *s = mie_block_get_first_successor(block);
+	struct mie_block_predecessor pred = {.p_block = block};
+
+	while (s) {
+		if (s->s_flags & MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED) {
+			mie_vector_ref_push_back(successors, &s->s_block, NULL);
+			mie_vector_push_back(s->s_block->b_ipred, &pred, NULL);
+		}
+
+		s = mie_block_get_next_successor(block, s);
+	}
+}
+
+static void dfs_stack_pop(
+	struct lt_ctx *ctx, struct mie_block **parent, struct mie_block **node)
+{
+	size_t nr = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(ctx->dfstack);
+	if (!nr) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	struct dfs_stack_item *item = &ctx->dfstack.items[nr - 1];
+	*parent = item->i_parent;
+	*node = item->i_node;
+	mie_vector_pop_back(ctx->dfstack, NULL);
+}
+
+static void dfs_stack_push(
+	struct lt_ctx *ctx, struct mie_block *parent, struct mie_block *node)
+{
+	struct dfs_stack_item item = {.i_node = node, .i_parent = parent};
+	mie_vector_push_back(ctx->dfstack, &item, NULL);
+}
+
+static void dfs(struct lt_ctx *ctx, struct mie_block *root)
+{
+	dfs_stack_push(ctx, NULL, root);
+	unsigned int id = 1;
+
+	while (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(ctx->dfstack) > 0) {
+		struct mie_block *p, *n;
+		dfs_stack_pop(ctx, &p, &n);
+
+		if (n->b_id != MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+#if 0
+		printf("dfs(p=%s, n=%s)\n", p ? p->b_name.n_str : "NA",
+		       n->b_name.n_str);
+#endif
+
+		n->b_id = id++;
+		ctx->vertex[n->b_id] = n;
+		ctx->semi[n->b_id] = n->b_id;
+		ctx->parent[n->b_id] = p ? p->b_id : MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
+
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = mie_block_get_first_successor(n);
+		while (s) {
+			dfs_stack_push(ctx, n, s->s_block);
+			mie_vector_push_back(s->s_block->b_ipred, &n, NULL);
+			s = mie_block_get_next_successor(n, s);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void link(struct lt_ctx *ctx, unsigned int parent, unsigned int node)
+{
+	ctx->ancestor[node] = parent;
+	ctx->label[node] = node;
+}
+
+static unsigned int eval(struct lt_ctx *ctx, unsigned int v)
+{
+	unsigned int a = ctx->ancestor[v];
+	if (ctx->ancestor[a] > MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID) {
+		unsigned int b = eval(ctx, a);
+		ctx->ancestor[v] = ctx->ancestor[a];
+		if (ctx->semi[b] < ctx->semi[ctx->label[v]]) {
+			ctx->label[v] = b;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ctx->label[v];
+}
+
+static void reset_block_relationship_metadata(struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+
+		block->b_id = MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
+		block->b_idom = NULL;
+		// block->b_sdom   = block->b_dfs_parent = NULL;
+		mie_vector_destroy(block->b_ipred, NULL);
+
+		cur = b_queue_next(cur);
+	}
+
+	memset(&region->r_blocks_s, 0x0, sizeof region->r_blocks_s);
+}
+
+static void lt_ctx_init(struct lt_ctx *ctx, size_t nr_nodes)
+{
+	memset(ctx, 0x0, sizeof *ctx);
+	ctx->idom = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->samedom = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->vertex = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(struct mie_block *));
+	ctx->bucket = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(struct set));
+	ctx->semi = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->parent = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->ancestor = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->label = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+}
+
+static void lt_ctx_cleanup(struct lt_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	free(ctx->idom);
+	free(ctx->samedom);
+	free(ctx->vertex);
+	free(ctx->bucket);
+	free(ctx->semi);
+	free(ctx->parent);
+	free(ctx->ancestor);
+	free(ctx->label);
+}
+
+void mie_region_refresh_dominance(struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	struct lt_ctx ctx;
+	size_t nr_nodes = b_queue_length(&region->r_blocks);
+	lt_ctx_init(&ctx, nr_nodes);
+
+	struct mie_block *root = mie_region_get_first_block(region);
+
+	reset_block_relationship_metadata(region);
+	dfs(&ctx, root);
+
+	for (size_t i = nr_nodes; i > 0; i--) {
+		struct mie_block *n = ctx.vertex[i];
+		unsigned int p = ctx.parent[i];
+		unsigned int s = p;
+
+		struct mie_block_predecessor *pred
+			= mie_block_get_first_predecessor(n);
+		while (pred) {
+			struct mie_block *v = pred->p_block;
+			unsigned int s_prime = MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
+
+			if (v->b_id <= n->b_id) {
+				s_prime = v->b_id;
+			} else {
+				s_prime = eval(&ctx, v->b_id);
+				s_prime = ctx.semi[s_prime];
+			}
+
+			if (s_prime < s) {
+				s = s_prime;
+			}
+
+			pred = mie_block_get_next_predecessor(n, pred);
+		}
+
+		ctx.semi[n->b_id] = s;
+		set_add(&ctx.bucket[s], n->b_id);
+		link(&ctx, p, n->b_id);
+
+		for (size_t k = 0; k < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(ctx.bucket[p].v); k++) {
+			unsigned int v = ctx.bucket[p].v.items[k];
+			unsigned int y = eval(&ctx, v);
+			if (ctx.semi[y] == ctx.semi[p]) {
+				ctx.idom[v] = p;
+			} else {
+				ctx.samedom[v] = y;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 1; i <= nr_nodes; i++) {
+		struct mie_block *n = ctx.vertex[i];
+		if (ctx.samedom[i] > 0) {
+			ctx.idom[i] = ctx.idom[ctx.samedom[i]];
+		}
+
+		n->b_idom = ctx.vertex[ctx.idom[i]];
+		// n->b_sdom = ctx.vertex[ctx.semi[i]];
+		// n->b_dfs_parent = ctx.vertex[ctx.parent[i]];
+	}
+
+	lt_ctx_cleanup(&ctx);
+}