mie: implement block dominance calculation using lengauer-tarjan algorithm

the new rewriter interface supports running patterns over an Op's children
matching Ops that conform to a pattern, and rewriting Ops in arbitrary ways.

doc/sample/graph/1.mie

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 select.graph {
-	%entry = +select.entry -> #select.chain
+	%entry = +select.entry -> !select.chain
 
-	%0 = +select.register @0 : i32 -> #select.register
-	%1 = +select.register @1 : i32 -> #select.register
+	%0 = +select.register @0 : i32 -> !select.register
+	%1 = +select.register @1 : i32 -> !select.register
 
 	%v.0, %c.0 = +select.register.read %entry, %0 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register) \
-		-> (i32, #select.chain)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register) \
+		-> (i32, !select.chain)
 
 	%v.1, %c.1 = +select.register.read %entry, %1 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register) \
-		-> (i32, #select.chain)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register) \
+		-> (i32, !select.chain)
 
 	%2 = +select.register @2 : i32
 
 	%v.2, %c.2 = +select.register.read %entry, %2 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register) \
-		-> (#select.register, #select.chain)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register) \
+		-> (!select.register, !select.chain)
 
 	%v.3 = arith.build-pair %v.0, %v.1 : (i32, i32) -> i64
 
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ select.graph {
 
 	%v.5 = arith.mul %v.4, %v.3 : (i32, i32) -> i32
 
-	%x0 = +select.mach-register @x0 : i32 -> #select.register
+	%x0 = +select.mach-register @x0 : i32 -> !select.register
 
 	%c.3, %g.0 = +select.register.write %entry, %x0, %v.5 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register, i32) \
-		-> (#select.chain, #select.glue)
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register, i32) \
+		-> (!select.chain, !select.glue)
 
 	%c.4 = *risc-v.RET %c.3, %x0, %g.0 \
-		: (#select.chain, #select.register, #select.glue) \
-		-> #select.chain
+		: (!select.chain, !select.register, !select.glue) \
+		-> !select.chain
 
-	+select.graph-root %c.4 : #select.chain
+	+select.graph-root %c.4 : !select.chain
 }

doc/sample/graph/2.mie

@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 select.graph {
-	%entry = +select.entry -> #select.chain
+	%entry = +select.entry -> !select.chain
 
 	%N1 = ptr.alloca i32 -> ptr
 
 	%N2 = i32.constant 3 -> i32
 
-	%N3.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N2, %N1 : (#select.chain, i32, ptr) -> #select.chain
+	%N3.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N2, %N1 : (!select.chain, i32, ptr) -> !select.chain
 
 	%N4 = ptr.alloca i32 -> ptr
 
 	%N5 = i32.constant 0 -> i32
 
-	%N6.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N5, %N4 : (#select.chain, i32, ptr) -> #select.chain
+	%N6.c = +ptr.store %entry, %N5, %N4 : (!select.chain, i32, ptr) -> !select.chain
 
-	%N7, %N7.c = +ptr.load %N6.c, %N1 : (#select.chain, ptr) -> (#ivy.id, #select.chain)
+	%N7, %N7.c = +ptr.load %N6.c, %N1 : (!select.chain, ptr) -> (!ivy.id, !select.chain)
 
 	%N8 = i32.constant 10 -> i32
 
-	%N9 = arith.cmp gt %N7, %N8 : (#ivy.id, i32) -> i1
+	%N9 = arith.cmp gt %N7, %N8 : (!ivy.id, i32) -> i1
 
-	%N10.c = +select.chain-group %N7.c, %N6.c : (#select.chain, #select.chain) -> #select.chain
+	%N10.c = +select.chain-group %N7.c, %N6.c : (!select.chain, !select.chain) -> !select.chain
 
-	%N11 = +select.block-ref @if.true -> #select.block
+	%N11 = +select.block-ref @if.true -> !select.block
 
-	%N12.c = +cf.br-cond %N10.c, %N9, %N11 : (#select.chain, i1, #select.block) -> #select.chain
+	%N12.c = +cf.br-cond %N10.c, %N9, %N11 : (!select.chain, i1, !select.block) -> !select.chain
 
-	%N13 = +select.block-ref @if.false -> #select.block
+	%N13 = +select.block-ref @if.false -> !select.block
 
 	%N14.c = cf.br %N12.c, %N13
 

mie/ctx.c

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <blue/ds/string.h>
 #include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
@@ -86,7 +88,6 @@ struct mie_op *mie_ctx_create_op(
 
 	out->op_flags |= MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED;
 	out->op_info = def;
-	out->op_dialect = def->op_parent;
 
 	return out;
 }
@@ -127,7 +128,6 @@ bool mie_ctx_resolve_op(const struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *op)
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	op->op_dialect = dialect;
 	op->op_info = op_info;
 
 	free(op->op_name);
@@ -484,3 +484,44 @@ enum mie_status mie_ctx_get_pass(
 	*out = pass;
 	return status;
 }
+
+struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_push_diag(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_line_source *src,
+	const struct mie_file_cell *loc, const char *dialect_name,
+	unsigned long diag_class)
+{
+	struct mie_diag *diag = malloc(sizeof *diag);
+	if (!diag) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_dialect *dialect = mie_ctx_get_dialect(ctx, dialect_name);
+	if (!dialect) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (diag_class >= dialect->d_nr_diag_classes) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(diag, 0x0, sizeof *diag);
+
+	diag->diag_src = src;
+	diag->diag_loc = *loc;
+	diag->diag_parent = dialect;
+	diag->diag_class = &dialect->d_diag_classes[diag_class];
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&ctx->ctx_diag, &diag->diag_entry);
+
+	return diag;
+}
+
+struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_pop_diag(struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_pop_front(&ctx->ctx_diag);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_diag, entry, diag_entry);
+}

mie/diag/diag.c

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#include <blue/ds/string.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/amendment.h>
+#include <mie/diag/component.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+struct mie_diag_c_msg *diag_msg_create(const struct mie_diag_msg *content)
+{
+	struct mie_diag_c_msg *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+
+	out->msg_base.c_type = MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_MSG;
+	out->msg_content = b_strdup(content->msg_content);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+struct mie_diag_c_snippet *diag_snippet_create(
+	unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendments, size_t nr_amendments,
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *highlights, size_t nr_highlights)
+{
+	struct mie_diag_c_snippet *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+
+	out->s_base.c_type = MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_SNIPPET;
+	out->s_first_line = first_line;
+	out->s_last_line = last_line;
+
+	out->s_nr_amendments = nr_amendments;
+	out->s_amendments = calloc(nr_amendments, sizeof *amendments);
+	if (!out->s_amendments) {
+		free(out);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	memcpy(out->s_amendments, amendments, nr_amendments * sizeof *amendments);
+
+	out->s_nr_highlights = nr_highlights;
+	out->s_highlights = calloc(nr_highlights, sizeof *highlights);
+	if (!out->s_highlights) {
+		free(out->s_amendments);
+		free(out);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	memcpy(out->s_highlights, highlights, nr_highlights * sizeof *highlights);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+void mie_diag_set_location(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long row, unsigned long col)
+{
+	diag->diag_loc.c_row = row;
+	diag->diag_loc.c_row = col;
+}
+
+void mie_diag_push_msg(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect_name,
+	unsigned long msg, ...)
+{
+	struct mie_dialect *dialect = mie_ctx_get_dialect(ctx, dialect_name);
+	if (!dialect) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (msg >= dialect->d_nr_diag_msgs) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_diag_msg *msg_info = &dialect->d_diag_msgs[msg];
+
+	struct mie_diag_c_msg *c_msg = diag_msg_create(msg_info);
+	if (!c_msg) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&diag->diag_components, &c_msg->msg_base.c_entry);
+}
+
+void mie_diag_push_snippet(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendments, size_t nr_amendments,
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *highlights, size_t nr_highlights)
+{
+	struct mie_diag_c_snippet *c_snippet = diag_snippet_create(
+		first_line, last_line, amendments, nr_amendments, highlights,
+		nr_highlights);
+	if (!c_snippet) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&diag->diag_components, &c_snippet->s_base.c_entry);
+}

mie/diag/diag.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#ifndef _DIAG_DIAG_H_
+#define _DIAG_DIAG_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+
+#endif

mie/dialect/arith/op/addi.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
-#include <mie/ir/builder.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
@@ -32,20 +32,18 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-struct mie_register *mie_arith_put_addi(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_register *left,
+struct mie_register *mie_arith_addi_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
 	struct mie_register *right, const char *name)
 {
 	struct mie_register *args[] = {left, right};
 	const size_t nr_args = sizeof args / sizeof args[0];
 
-	struct mie_op *op
-		= mie_builder_put_op(builder, "arith", "addi", args, nr_args);
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "arith", "addi", args, nr_args);
 	const struct mie_type *ty = left->reg_type;
 
 	struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, ty);
-	result->reg_block = mie_builder_get_current_block(builder);
-	mie_builder_put_name(builder, &result->reg_name, name);
+	mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
 
 	return result;
 }

mie/dialect/arith/op/constant.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <mie/attribute/attribute.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
-#include <mie/ir/builder.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
@@ -41,39 +41,35 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-struct mie_register *mie_arith_put_constant_i(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, long long value, const char *name)
+struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_i_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name)
 {
-	struct mie_op *op
-		= mie_builder_put_op(builder, "arith", "constant", NULL, 0);
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "arith", "constant", NULL, 0);
 	const struct mie_type *ty
-		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_builder_get_ctx(builder), 32);
+		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), 32);
 	struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, ty);
 
-	result->reg_block = mie_builder_get_current_block(builder);
-	mie_builder_put_name(builder, &result->reg_name, name);
+	mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
 
 	struct mie_attribute *val
-		= mie_ctx_get_int(mie_builder_get_ctx(builder), value, 32);
+		= mie_ctx_get_int(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), value, 32);
 	mie_attribute_map_put(&op->op_attrib, "value", val, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
 
 	return result;
 }
 
-struct mie_register *mie_arith_put_constant_f(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, long long value, const char *name)
+struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_f_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name)
 {
-	struct mie_op *op
-		= mie_builder_put_op(builder, "arith", "constant", NULL, 0);
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "arith", "constant", NULL, 0);
 	const struct mie_type *ty
-		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_builder_get_ctx(builder), 32);
+		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), 32);
 	struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, ty);
 
-	result->reg_block = mie_builder_get_current_block(builder);
-	mie_builder_put_name(builder, &result->reg_name, name);
+	mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
 
 	struct mie_attribute *val
-		= mie_ctx_get_float(mie_builder_get_ctx(builder), value, 32);
+		= mie_ctx_get_float(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), value, 32);
 	mie_attribute_map_put(&op->op_attrib, "value", val, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
 
 	return result;

mie/dialect/builtin/builtin.c

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
@@ -81,20 +83,25 @@ struct mie_attribute *mie_ctx_get_index(struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t val)
 		dialect->ctx_indices, ctx, val);
 }
 
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_EXTERN(mie_builtin_diag);
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_EXTERN(mie_builtin_msg);
+
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_builtin, struct builtin_dialect, "builtin")
 	MIE_DIALECT_INIT(init);
 	MIE_DIALECT_CLEANUP(cleanup);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_builtin_module);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_string);
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_CLASS_LIST(mie_builtin_diag);
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_MSG_LIST(mie_builtin_msg);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_isolated_from_above);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_symbol_table);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_int);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_float);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_index);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_string);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_string);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_int);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_float);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_array);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_type);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_isolated_from_above);
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_builtin_symbol_table);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_string);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(mie_builtin_symbol);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_array);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_builtin_module);
 MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/builtin/diag.c

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX MIE_BUILTIN_E
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX   MIE_BUILTIN_MSG
+
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_BEGIN(mie_builtin_diag)
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN, ERROR, "Unrecognised token")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRESOLVED_VALUE, ERROR, "Unresolved value")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR, ERROR, "Unresolved successor")
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_END(mie_builtin_diag)
+
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(mie_builtin_msg)
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN, "encountered an unrecognised token.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(UNRESOLVED_VALUE, "cannot resolve this value reference.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK,
+		"cannot find a block with this name in this region.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_IN_NON_DOMINANT_BLOCK,
+		"this value cannot be referenced here, as it is defined in a "
+		"block that does not dominate this block.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_AFTER_USE,
+		"this value cannot be referenced here, as it is not defined "
+		"until later in this block.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_OUTSIDE_ISOLATED_REGION,
+		"this value cannot be referenced here, as this region is "
+		"isolated from above, and the definition for this value is "
+		"outside of this region.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALUE_DEFINED_IN_BLOCK, "the value is defined in this block.")
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_END(mie_builtin_msg)

mie/dialect/builtin/op/module.c

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
@@ -8,12 +9,11 @@
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *out, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, ' ');
-	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions) == 0) {
-		return MIE_SUCCESS;
-	}
 
-	struct mie_region *region = &op->op_regions.items[0];
-	mie_printer_print_region(out, region, 0);
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	if (region) {
+		mie_printer_print_region(out, region, 0);
+	}
 
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
@@ -26,4 +26,5 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_builtin_module, "module")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT("builtin", "isolated-from-above");
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/cf/op/br-cond.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
@@ -33,6 +34,23 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_cond_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	struct mie_block *true_block, struct mie_register **true_args,
+	size_t nr_true_args, struct mie_block *false_block,
+	struct mie_register **false_args, size_t nr_false_args)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "cf", "br-cond", &cond, 1);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	mie_op_add_successor(op, true_block, true_args, nr_true_args);
+	mie_op_add_successor(op, false_block, false_args, nr_false_args);
+
+	return op;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_cf_br_cond, "br-cond")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/cf/op/br.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
@@ -20,6 +21,21 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_block *dest,
+	struct mie_register **dest_args, size_t nr_dest_args)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "cf", "br", NULL, 0);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op_successor *s
+		= mie_op_add_successor(op, dest, dest_args, nr_dest_args);
+
+	return op;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_cf_br, "br")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/func/func.c

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_func, struct mie_dialect, "func")
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(mie_func_function_like);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_func_func);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_func_return);
 MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/func/op/func.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <mie/interface/interface-definition.h>
 #include <mie/interface/interface.h>
 #include <mie/ir/block.h>
-#include <mie/ir/builder.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 
 	b_stream_write_fmt(printer->p_stream, NULL, " @%s(", sym_name_cstr);
 
-	const struct mie_region *code = &op->op_regions.items[0];
-	const struct mie_block *entry = &code->r_blocks.items[0];
+	const struct mie_region *code = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	const struct mie_block *entry = mie_region_get_first_block(code);
 
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(entry->b_params); i++) {
 		if (i > 0) {
@@ -74,10 +74,9 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-struct mie_op *mie_func_put_func(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, const char *name,
-	struct mie_func_parameter *params, size_t nr_params,
-	const struct mie_type **ret_types, size_t nr_ret_types)
+struct mie_op *mie_func_func_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, const char *name, struct mie_func_parameter *params,
+	size_t nr_params, const struct mie_type **ret_types, size_t nr_ret_types)
 {
 	const struct mie_type **param_types
 		= calloc(nr_params, sizeof *param_types);
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ struct mie_op *mie_func_put_func(
 	}
 
 	const struct mie_type *func_type = mie_ctx_get_function_type(
-		mie_builder_get_ctx(builder), param_types, nr_params, ret_types,
+		mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), param_types, nr_params, ret_types,
 		nr_ret_types);
 	free(param_types);
 
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ struct mie_op *mie_func_put_func(
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	struct mie_op *op = mie_builder_put_op(builder, "func", "func", NULL, 0);
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "func", "func", NULL, 0);
 
 	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_add_region(op);
 	struct mie_block *entry = mie_region_add_block(region);
@@ -114,9 +113,9 @@ struct mie_op *mie_func_put_func(
 	}
 
 	struct mie_attribute *sym_name
-		= mie_ctx_get_string(mie_builder_get_ctx(builder), name);
+		= mie_ctx_get_string(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), name);
 	struct mie_attribute *function_type
-		= mie_type_attr_create(mie_builder_get_ctx(builder), func_type);
+		= mie_type_attr_create(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), func_type);
 
 	mie_attribute_map_put(
 		&op->op_attrib, "sym_name", sym_name, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
@@ -130,6 +129,8 @@ struct mie_op *mie_func_put_func(
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_func_func, "func")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT("builtin", "isolated-from-above");
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT("func", "function-like");
 	MIE_OP_INTERFACE_BEGIN("builtin", "symbol", struct mie_symbol)
 		MIE_OP_INTERFACE_FUNC(sym_get_name) = NULL;
 	MIE_OP_INTERFACE_END()

mie/dialect/func/trait/function-like.c

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait-definition.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait.h>
+
+static enum mie_status validate(
+	const struct mie_trait_definition *trait_def,
+	const struct mie_trait *trait, const struct mie_trait_target *target)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* func.function-like trait:
+ * the op behaves like a func.func. this means that it:
+ *   a) has a single region
+ *   b) that region has one or more blocks representing the body of a function.
+ *   c) the op has sym_name, function_type, and other function-related attributes.
+ */
+MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_func_function_like, "function-like")
+	MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_TARGETS(MIE_TRAIT_TARGET_OP);
+	MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_STRUCT(struct mie_trait);
+	MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_VALIDATE(validate);
+MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/memref/memref.c

@@ -7,4 +7,5 @@
 
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_memref, struct mie_dialect, "memref")
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_memref_memref);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_memref_load);
 MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/memref/op/load.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+
+static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_memref_load, "load")
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/scf/op/if.c

@@ -1,9 +1,48 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, &op->op_args.items[0], false);
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 0) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " -> ", NULL);
+
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 1) {
+			b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '(');
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_type(printer, op->op_result.items[i].reg_type);
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 1) {
+		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '(');
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+
+	struct mie_region *if_region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	struct mie_region *else_region = mie_op_get_next_region(op, if_region);
+
+	mie_printer_print_region(printer, if_region, 0);
+
+	if (else_region) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " else ", NULL);
+		mie_printer_print_region(printer, else_region, 0);
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -12,6 +51,35 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_scf_if_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	const struct mie_type *result_type, struct mie_region **out_true,
+	struct mie_region **out_false, const char *name)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "scf", "if", &cond, 1);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (result_type) {
+		struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, result_type);
+		mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
+	}
+
+	struct mie_region *r_true = mie_op_add_region(op);
+	struct mie_region *r_false = mie_op_add_region(op);
+
+	if (out_true) {
+		*out_true = r_true;
+	}
+
+	if (out_false) {
+		*out_false = r_false;
+	}
+
+	return op;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_scf_if, "if")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/scf/op/yield.c

@@ -1,9 +1,32 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, &op->op_args.items[i], false);
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_type(
+			printer, mie_op_arg_get_type(&op->op_args.items[i]));
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -12,6 +35,11 @@ static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_op *mie_scf_yield_put(struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *value)
+{
+	return mie_emitter_put_op(e, "scf", "yield", &value, 1);
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_scf_yield, "yield")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/include/mie/ctx.h

@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@
 
 struct mie_op;
 struct mie_pass;
+struct mie_diag;
+struct mie_file_cell;
 struct mie_int_cache;
+struct mie_line_source;
 struct mie_index_cache;
 struct mie_string_cache;
 struct mie_attribute_map;
@@ -31,6 +34,8 @@ struct mie_ctx {
 	struct mie_id_map ctx_attributes;
 	/* map of struct mie_pass_definition */
 	struct mie_id_map ctx_passes;
+	/* queue of struct mie_diag */
+	b_queue ctx_diag;
 };
 
 MIE_API struct mie_ctx *mie_ctx_create(void);
@@ -38,7 +43,6 @@ MIE_API void mie_ctx_destroy(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
 MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_ctx_create_op(
 	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect, const char *op);
-MIE_API bool mie_ctx_resolve_op(const struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *op);
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_ctx_get_dialect(
 	const struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *name);
@@ -73,4 +77,11 @@ MIE_API enum mie_status mie_ctx_get_pass(
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *name,
 	const struct mie_attribute_map *args, struct mie_pass **out);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_push_diag(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_line_source *src,
+	const struct mie_file_cell *loc, const char *dialect,
+	unsigned long diag_class);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_diag *mie_ctx_pop_diag(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/diag/amendment.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_H_
+
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+
+enum mie_diag_amendment_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_ADD,
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REMOVE,
+	MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REPLACE,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_amendment {
+	enum mie_diag_amendment_type a_type;
+	unsigned long __x;
+
+	union {
+		struct {
+			struct mie_file_cell a_loc;
+			char *a_str;
+		} a_add;
+
+		struct {
+			struct mie_file_cell a_loc;
+			unsigned long a_length;
+		} a_remove;
+
+		struct {
+			struct mie_file_cell a_loc;
+			unsigned long a_length;
+			char *a_str;
+		} a_replace;
+	};
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/class.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_CLASS_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_H_
+
+enum mie_diag_class_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_HINT,
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_WARNING,
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS_ERROR,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_class {
+	unsigned int c_id;
+	const char *c_id_str_short, *c_id_str_long;
+	enum mie_diag_class_type c_type;
+	const char *c_title;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+enum mie_diag_component_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_MSG,
+	MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_SNIPPET,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_component {
+	enum mie_diag_component_type c_type;
+	b_queue_entry c_entry;
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_c_snippet {
+	struct mie_diag_component s_base;
+	unsigned long s_first_line, s_last_line;
+
+	struct mie_diag_amendment *s_amendments;
+	size_t s_nr_amendments;
+
+	struct mie_diag_highlight *s_highlights;
+	size_t s_nr_highlights;
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_c_msg {
+	struct mie_diag_component msg_base;
+	char *msg_content;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/diag.h

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_DIAG_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_DIAG_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+
+struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_diag_class;
+struct mie_diag_amendment;
+struct mie_diag_highlight;
+
+enum mie_diag_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_HINT,
+	MIE_DIAG_WARNING,
+	MIE_DIAG_ERROR,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag {
+	struct mie_dialect *diag_parent;
+	const struct mie_diag_class *diag_class;
+
+	struct mie_line_source *diag_src;
+	struct mie_file_cell diag_loc;
+	b_queue_entry diag_entry;
+	b_queue diag_components;
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_diag_set_location(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long row, unsigned long col);
+MIE_API void mie_diag_push_msg(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect,
+	unsigned long msg, ...);
+MIE_API void mie_diag_push_snippet(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendmends, size_t nr_amendments,
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *highlights, size_t nr_highlights);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/highlight.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_H_
+
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+
+enum mie_diag_highlight_type {
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_HINT,
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_WARNING,
+	MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR,
+};
+
+struct mie_diag_highlight {
+	enum mie_diag_highlight_type hl_type;
+	struct mie_file_span hl_span;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/diag/msg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef MIE_DIAG_MSG_H_
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_H_
+
+struct mie_diag_msg {
+	unsigned int msg_id;
+	const char *msg_id_str_short, *msg_id_str_long;
+	const char *msg_content;
+};
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/arith.h

@@ -8,19 +8,19 @@
 
 struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_dialect;
-struct mie_builder;
+struct mie_emitter;
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_arith_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
-MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_put_constant_i(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, long long value, const char *name);
-MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_put_constant_f(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, long long value, const char *name);
-MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_put_addi(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_register *left,
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_i_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_f_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_addi_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
 	struct mie_register *right, const char *name);
-MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_put_addf(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_register *left,
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_addf_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
 	struct mie_register *right, const char *name);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/builtin.h

@@ -15,6 +15,22 @@ struct mie_op;
 struct mie_int_type;
 struct mie_float_type;
 
+enum mie_builtin_diag {
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_VALUE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR,
+};
+
+enum mie_builtin_msg {
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRESOLVED_VALUE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_NON_DOMINANT_BLOCK,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_AFTER_USE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_OUTSIDE_ISOLATED_REGION,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_BLOCK,
+};
+
 enum mie_float_width {
 	MIE_FLOAT_32 = 32,
 	MIE_FLOAT_64 = 64,

mie/include/mie/dialect/cf.h

@@ -2,10 +2,23 @@
 #define MIE_DIALECT_CF_H_
 
 #include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_block;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_emitter;
+struct mie_register;
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_cf_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_block *dest,
+	struct mie_register **dest_args, size_t nr_dest_args);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_cf_br_cond_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	struct mie_block *true_block, struct mie_register **true_args,
+	size_t nr_true_args, struct mie_block *false_block,
+	struct mie_register **false_args, size_t nr_false_args);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/dialect.h

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ struct mie_op_definition;
 struct mie_type_definition;
 struct mie_trait_definition;
 
+struct mie_diag_class;
+struct mie_diag_msg;
+
 struct mie_dialect {
 	mie_id d_id;
 	char *d_name;
@@ -27,6 +30,12 @@ struct mie_dialect {
 	struct mie_id_map d_attributes;
 	/* map of struct mie_interface_definition */
 	struct mie_id_map d_interfaces;
+	/* array of mie_diag_class */
+	struct mie_diag_class *d_diag_classes;
+	size_t d_nr_diag_classes;
+	/* array of mie_diag_msg */
+	struct mie_diag_msg *d_diag_msgs;
+	size_t d_nr_diag_msgs;
 
 	enum mie_status (*d_cleanup)(struct mie_dialect *);
 };

mie/include/mie/dialect/func.h

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_type;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_emitter;
 struct mie_register;
-struct mie_builder;
 
 struct mie_func_parameter {
 	const char *param_name;
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ struct mie_func_parameter {
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_func_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
-MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_func_put_func(
-	struct mie_builder *builder, const char *name,
-	struct mie_func_parameter *params, size_t nr_params,
-	const struct mie_type **ret_types, size_t nr_ret_types);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_func_func_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, const char *name, struct mie_func_parameter *params,
+	size_t nr_params, const struct mie_type **ret_types, size_t nr_ret_types);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/scf.h

@@ -4,8 +4,19 @@
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 
 struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_type;
+struct mie_region;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_emitter;
+struct mie_register;
 
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_scf_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_scf_if_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *cond,
+	const struct mie_type *result_type, struct mie_region **out_true,
+	struct mie_region **out_false, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_scf_yield_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *value);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/block.h

@@ -6,20 +6,69 @@
 #include <mie/name.h>
 #include <mie/vector.h>
 
+#define MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID ((size_t)0)
+
 struct mie_op;
 struct mie_register;
 
+struct mie_block_predecessor {
+	struct mie_block *p_block;
+};
+
 struct mie_block {
 	struct mie_name b_name;
 	struct mie_region *b_parent;
 
+	/* immediate predecessor blocks */
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_block_predecessor, b_ipred);
+
+	/* used by struct mie_region */
+	unsigned int b_id;
+	struct mie_block *b_idom;
+	// struct mie_block *b_sdom, *b_dfs_parent;
+	b_queue_entry b_entry;
+
 	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_register, b_params);
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_op, b_ops);
+	/* queue of struct mie_op */
+	b_queue b_ops;
 };
 
 extern struct mie_vector_ops mie_block_vector_ops;
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_first_op(const struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_prev_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_next_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_last_op(const struct mie_block *block);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_get_terminator(const struct mie_block *block);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_first_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_prev_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_next_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_last_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_first_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_prev_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_next_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_last_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block);
+
 MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op(struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op_after(
+	struct mie_block *block, struct mie_op *after);
 MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_block_add_param(struct mie_block *block);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_block_find_register(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_op *start_point);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/builder.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef MIE_IR_BUILDER_H_
 #define MIE_IR_BUILDER_H_
 
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@ MIE_API void mie_builder_step_into_block(
 MIE_API void mie_builder_step_out(struct mie_builder *builder);
 
 MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_builder_put_op(
-	struct mie_builder *, const char *dialect, const char *op,
+	struct mie_builder *builder, const char *dialect, const char *op,
 	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_builder_put_name(
-	struct mie_builder *, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint);
+	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/emit.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_EMIT_H_
+#define MIE_IR_EMIT_H_
+
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define MIE_EMITTER(p) ((struct mie_emitter *)(p))
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_name;
+struct mie_block;
+struct mie_register;
+
+struct mie_emitter;
+
+typedef struct mie_ctx *(*mie_emit_get_ctx)(const struct mie_emitter *);
+typedef enum mie_status (*mie_emit_put_name)(
+	struct mie_emitter *, struct mie_name *, const char *);
+typedef struct mie_op *(*mie_emit_put_op)(
+	struct mie_emitter *, const char *, const char *,
+	struct mie_register **, size_t);
+typedef struct mie_block *(*mie_emit_put_block)(
+	struct mie_emitter *, struct mie_block *);
+
+struct mie_emitter {
+	mie_emit_get_ctx e_get_ctx;
+	mie_emit_put_name e_put_name;
+	mie_emit_put_op e_put_op;
+	mie_emit_put_block e_put_block;
+};
+
+MIE_API struct mie_ctx *mie_emitter_get_ctx(struct mie_emitter *emitter);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_emitter_put_name(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_emitter_put_op(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name, struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_emitter_put_block(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_block *insert_point);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/ir/op.h

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #include <mie/name.h>
 #include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
 
+struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_type;
-
 struct mie_value;
 struct mie_block;
 struct mie_region;
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ struct mie_op_arg {
 
 struct mie_op_successor {
 	enum mie_op_flags s_flags;
+	struct mie_file_span s_name_span;
 
 	union {
 		/* only valid if F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED is set in s_flags; */
@@ -50,16 +51,20 @@ struct mie_op_successor {
 
 struct mie_op {
 	enum mie_op_flags op_flags;
+	/* used by struct mie_block */
+	b_queue_entry op_entry;
 
-	/* these pointers are only valid if the F_OP_RESOLVED flag is set */
-	const struct mie_dialect *op_dialect;
+	struct mie_line_source *op_src;
+	/* this pointer is only valid if the F_OP_RESOLVED flag is set */
 	const struct mie_op_definition *op_info;
 
+	struct mie_block *op_container;
 	struct mie_file_span op_name_span;
 	/* only valid if the F_RESOLVED flag is NOT set */
 	char *op_name;
 
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_region, op_regions);
+	b_queue op_regions;
+
 	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_op_successor, op_successors);
 	struct mie_attribute_map op_attrib;
 	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_op_arg, op_args);
@@ -72,16 +77,42 @@ MIE_API void mie_op_destroy(struct mie_op *op);
 MIE_API void mie_op_init(struct mie_op *op);
 MIE_API void mie_op_cleanup(struct mie_op *op);
 
+MIE_API size_t mie_op_get_name(const struct mie_op *op, char *out, size_t max);
+
+MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
 MIE_API struct mie_op_arg *mie_op_add_arg(struct mie_op *op);
 MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_add_result(
 	struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_type *ty);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_op_add_successor(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *block, struct mie_register **args,
+	size_t nr_args);
 MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_add_region(struct mie_op *op);
 
+MIE_API bool mie_op_is(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name);
 MIE_API bool mie_op_has_trait(
 	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *trait_name);
 MIE_API bool mie_op_has_interface(
 	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *iface_name);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_parent(const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_first_region(const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_prev_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_next_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_region *mie_op_get_last_region(const struct mie_op *op);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_get_arg(const struct mie_op *op, size_t index);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_get_result_with_name(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_first_child_op(const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_last_child_op(const struct mie_op *op);
+
 MIE_API const struct mie_type *mie_op_arg_get_type(const struct mie_op_arg *arg);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/region.h

@@ -1,19 +1,55 @@
 #ifndef MIE_IR_REGION_H_
 #define MIE_IR_REGION_H_
 
+#include <blue/core/btree.h>
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 #include <mie/vector.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
 struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_block;
 
 struct mie_region {
 	struct mie_name_map *r_names;
 	struct mie_op *r_parent;
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_block, r_blocks);
+	/* used by struct mie_op */
+	b_queue_entry r_entry;
+	/* queue of struct mie_block */
+	b_queue r_blocks;
+	/* bst of struct mie_block, as numbered by a depth-first search.
+	 * this ordering is recalculated by mie_region_refresh_dominance */
+	b_btree r_blocks_s;
 };
 
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_first_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_prev_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *before);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_next_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_last_block(const struct mie_region *region);
+
 MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block(struct mie_region *region);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_after(
+	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *after);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_find_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_region_find_register(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name);
+
+/* calculate the dominance-tree of all blocks in a region.
+ * this function populates the following attributes of every block in the
+ * region:
+ *   b_id
+ *   b_node
+ *   b_parent
+ * as well as the following attributes of the region itself:
+ *   r_blocks_s
+ * only top-level blocks and ops are considered by this function. if an op
+ * within the region itself contains one/more child regions, these are ignored.
+ */
+MIE_API void mie_region_refresh_dominance(struct mie_region *region);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/ir/register.h

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ struct mie_register_use {
 
 struct mie_register {
 	enum mie_register_flags reg_flags;
+	struct mie_file_span reg_span;
 	union {
 		/* only valid if F_VIRTUAL is set. */
 		struct mie_name reg_name;

mie/include/mie/ir/resolve.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_RESOLVE_H_
+#define MIE_IR_RESOLVE_H_
+
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
+
+MIE_API bool mie_resolve_op_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_resolve_op_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API bool mie_resolve_op_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/ir/rewrite.h

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef MIE_IR_REWRITE_H_
-#define MIE_IR_REWRITE_H_
-
-struct mie_rewriter;
-
-#endif

mie/include/mie/ir/walk.h

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #ifndef MIE_IR_WALK_H_
 #define MIE_IR_WALK_H_
 
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 #include <mie/status.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
 struct mie_op;
-struct mie_walker;
 
 enum mie_walker_flags {
 	MIE_WALKER_F_NONE = 0x00u,
@@ -26,19 +26,45 @@ enum mie_walker_flags {
 	MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS = 0x20u,
 };
 
-struct mie_walker_item {
-	size_t i_depth;
-	struct mie_op *i_op;
-	struct mie_block *i_block;
-	struct mie_region *i_region;
+enum mie_walk_item_type {
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP,
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK,
+	MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION,
 };
 
-MIE_API struct mie_walker *mie_walker_begin(
-	struct mie_op *op, enum mie_walker_flags flags);
+struct mie_walk_item {
+	int _f;
+	b_queue_entry _e;
+	enum mie_walk_item_type i_type;
+	// size_t i_index;
+	size_t i_depth;
+	union {
+		struct mie_op *i_op;
+		struct mie_block *i_block;
+		struct mie_region *i_region;
+	};
+};
+
+struct mie_walker {
+	enum mie_walker_flags w_flags;
+	union {
+		/* used for recursive walks */
+		b_queue w_stack;
+		/* used for non-recursive walks */
+		struct {
+			struct mie_walk_item w_region, w_block, w_op;
+		};
+	};
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_walker_begin(
+	struct mie_walker *walker, const struct mie_op *op,
+	enum mie_walker_flags flags);
 MIE_API void mie_walker_end(struct mie_walker *walker);
 
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_walker_step(struct mie_walker *walker);
 
-MIE_API struct mie_walker_item *mie_walker_get(struct mie_walker *walker);
+MIE_API struct mie_walk_item *mie_walker_get(struct mie_walker *walker);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/macros.h

@@ -5,180 +5,186 @@
 /*                        DIALECT DEFINITION MACROS                           */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(func_prefix, c_struct, dialect_name)                 \
-	struct mie_dialect *func_prefix##_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx)  \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_dialect *self = mie_dialect_create(                 \
-			ctx, dialect_name, sizeof(c_struct));                  \
-		if (!self) {                                                   \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}                                                              \
-		struct mie_op_definition *op = NULL;                           \
-		struct mie_type_definition *type = NULL;                       \
-		struct mie_trait_definition *trait = NULL;                     \
-		struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute = NULL;             \
-		struct mie_interface_definition *interface = NULL;
+#define MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(func_prefix, c_struct, dialect_name)                \
+        struct mie_dialect* func_prefix##_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx* ctx) \
+        {                                                                     \
+                struct mie_dialect* self = mie_dialect_create(                \
+                    ctx, dialect_name, sizeof(c_struct));                     \
+                if (!self) {                                                  \
+                        return NULL;                                          \
+                }                                                             \
+                struct mie_op_definition* op = NULL;                          \
+                struct mie_type_definition* type = NULL;                      \
+                struct mie_trait_definition* trait = NULL;                    \
+                struct mie_attribute_definition* attribute = NULL;            \
+                struct mie_interface_definition* interface = NULL;
 
-#define MIE_DIALECT_END()                                                      \
-	return self;                                                           \
-	}
+#define MIE_DIALECT_END() \
+        return self;      \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_DIALECT_INIT(func)    func(self)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_INIT(func) func(self)
 #define MIE_DIALECT_CLEANUP(func) self->d_cleanup = (func)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(op_id)                                              \
-	extern struct mie_op_definition *op_id##_op_create(                    \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	op = op_id##_op_create(self, ctx)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(type_id)                                          \
-	extern struct mie_type_definition *type_id##_type_create(              \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	type = type_id##_type_create(self, ctx)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(trait_id)                                        \
-	extern struct mie_trait_definition *trait_id##_trait_create(           \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	trait = trait_id##_trait_create(self, ctx)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(attr_id)                                     \
-	extern struct mie_attribute_definition *attr_id##_attribute_create(    \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	attribute = attr_id##_attribute_create(self, ctx)
-#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(iface_id)                                    \
-	extern struct mie_interface_definition *iface_id##_interface_create(   \
-		struct mie_dialect *, struct mie_ctx *);                       \
-	interface = iface_id##_interface_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_CLASS_LIST(list) \
+        self->d_diag_classes = (list);    \
+        self->d_nr_diag_classes = (list##_count)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_MSG_LIST(list) \
+        self->d_diag_msgs = (list);     \
+        self->d_nr_diag_msgs = (list##_count)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(op_id)                           \
+        extern struct mie_op_definition* op_id##_op_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);          \
+        op = op_id##_op_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(type_id)                             \
+        extern struct mie_type_definition* type_id##_type_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                \
+        type = type_id##_type_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TRAIT(trait_id)                              \
+        extern struct mie_trait_definition* trait_id##_trait_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                   \
+        trait = trait_id##_trait_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(attr_id)                                  \
+        extern struct mie_attribute_definition* attr_id##_attribute_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                          \
+        attribute = attr_id##_attribute_create(self, ctx)
+#define MIE_DIALECT_ADD_INTERFACE(iface_id)                                  \
+        extern struct mie_interface_definition* iface_id##_interface_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect*, struct mie_ctx*);                           \
+        interface = iface_id##_interface_create(self, ctx)
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 /*                           OP DEFINITION MACROS                             */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, op_name)                          \
-	struct mie_op_definition *func_prefix##_op_create(                     \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_op_definition *op                                   \
-			= mie_op_definition_create(d, op_name);                \
-		if (!op) {                                                     \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}                                                              \
-		const struct mie_trait *trait = NULL;                          \
-		struct mie_interface *i = NULL;                                \
-		const struct mie_interface_definition *id = NULL;
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, op_name)       \
+        struct mie_op_definition* func_prefix##_op_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)     \
+        {                                                   \
+                struct mie_op_definition* op                \
+                    = mie_op_definition_create(d, op_name); \
+                if (!op) {                                  \
+                        return NULL;                        \
+                }                                           \
+                const struct mie_trait* trait = NULL;       \
+                struct mie_interface* i = NULL;             \
+                const struct mie_interface_definition* id = NULL;
 
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END()                                                \
-	return op;                                                             \
-	}
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return op;              \
+        }
 
 #define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) op->op_print = (func)
 #define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(func) op->op_parse = (func)
-#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)                     \
-	trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name);             \
-	mie_op_definition_add_trait(op, trait);
-#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_BEGIN(dialect_name, if_name, c_struct)                \
-	id = mie_ctx_get_interface_definition(ctx, dialect_name, if_name);     \
-	if (id) {                                                              \
-		c_struct *iface = (c_struct *)mie_interface_create(id);
+#define MIE_OP_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)         \
+        trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name); \
+        mie_op_definition_add_trait(op, trait);
+#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_BEGIN(dialect_name, if_name, c_struct)            \
+        id = mie_ctx_get_interface_definition(ctx, dialect_name, if_name); \
+        if (id) {                                                          \
+                c_struct* iface = (c_struct*)mie_interface_create(id);
 #define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_FUNC(func_name) iface->func_name
-#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_END()                                                 \
-	mie_op_definition_add_interface(op, (struct mie_interface *)iface);    \
-	}
+#define MIE_OP_INTERFACE_END()                                             \
+        mie_op_definition_add_interface(op, (struct mie_interface*)iface); \
+        }
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 /*                         TYPE DEFINITION MACROS                             */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, type_name)                      \
-	struct mie_type_definition *func_prefix##_type_create(                 \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_type_definition *type                               \
-			= mie_type_definition_create(d, type_name);            \
-		if (!type) {                                                   \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}                                                              \
-		const struct mie_trait *trait = NULL;
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, type_name)       \
+        struct mie_type_definition* func_prefix##_type_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)         \
+        {                                                       \
+                struct mie_type_definition* type                \
+                    = mie_type_definition_create(d, type_name); \
+                if (!type) {                                    \
+                        return NULL;                            \
+                }                                               \
+                const struct mie_trait* trait = NULL;
 
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()                                              \
-	return type;                                                           \
-	}
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return type;              \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_FLAGS(flags)   type->ty_flags = flags
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name)   type->ty_data_size = sizeof(name)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func)     type->ty_init = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func)    type->ty_print = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func)    type->ty_parse = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_FLAGS(flags) type->ty_flags = flags
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) type->ty_data_size = sizeof(name)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func) type->ty_init = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) type->ty_print = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func) type->ty_parse = (func)
 #define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BUILD_ID(func) type->ty_build_id = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func)     type->ty_init = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func)  type->ty_cleanup = (func)
-#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)                   \
-	trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name);             \
-	mie_type_definition_add_trait(type, trait);
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(func) type->ty_init = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func) type->ty_cleanup = (func)
+#define MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_TRAIT(trait_dialect, trait_name)       \
+        trait = mie_ctx_get_trait(ctx, trait_dialect, trait_name); \
+        mie_type_definition_add_trait(type, trait);
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 /*                        TRAIT DEFINITION MACROS                             */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, trait_name)                    \
-	struct mie_trait_definition *func_prefix##_trait_create(               \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_trait_definition *trait                             \
-			= mie_trait_definition_create(d, trait_name);          \
-		if (!trait) {                                                  \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, trait_name)       \
+        struct mie_trait_definition* func_prefix##_trait_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)           \
+        {                                                         \
+                struct mie_trait_definition* trait                \
+                    = mie_trait_definition_create(d, trait_name); \
+                if (!trait) {                                     \
+                        return NULL;                              \
+                }
 
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END()                                             \
-	return trait;                                                          \
-	}
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return trait;              \
+        }
 
 #define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_TARGETS(targets) trait->tr_target = (targets)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name)     trait->tr_data_size = sizeof(name)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_PRINT(func)      trait->tr_print = (func)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BUILD_ID(func)   trait->tr_build_id = (func)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func)    trait->tr_cleanup = (func)
-#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_VALIDATE(func)   trait->tr_validate = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) trait->tr_data_size = sizeof(name)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) trait->tr_print = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_BUILD_ID(func) trait->tr_build_id = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func) trait->tr_cleanup = (func)
+#define MIE_TRAIT_DEFINITION_VALIDATE(func) trait->tr_validate = (func)
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 /*                      ATTRIBUTE DEFINITION MACROS                           */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, attribute_name)            \
-	struct mie_attribute_definition *func_prefix##_attribute_create(       \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute                     \
-			= mie_attribute_definition_create(d, attribute_name);  \
-		if (!attribute) {                                              \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, attribute_name)       \
+        struct mie_attribute_definition* func_prefix##_attribute_create(  \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)                   \
+        {                                                                 \
+                struct mie_attribute_definition* attribute                \
+                    = mie_attribute_definition_create(d, attribute_name); \
+                if (!attribute) {                                         \
+                        return NULL;                                      \
+                }
 
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END()                                         \
-	return attribute;                                                      \
-	}
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return attribute;              \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name)                                  \
-	attribute->a_data_size = sizeof(name)
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_INIT(func)    attribute->a_init = (func)
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) \
+        attribute->a_data_size = sizeof(name)
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_INIT(func) attribute->a_init = (func)
 #define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_CLEANUP(func) attribute->a_cleanup = (func)
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func)   attribute->a_print = (func)
-#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func)   attribute->a_parse = (func)
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PRINT(func) attribute->a_print = (func)
+#define MIE_ATTRIBUTE_DEFINITION_PARSE(func) attribute->a_parse = (func)
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 /*                      INTERFACE DEFINITION MACROS                           */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, iface_name)                \
-	struct mie_interface_definition *func_prefix##_interface_create(       \
-		struct mie_dialect *d, struct mie_ctx *ctx)                    \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_interface_definition *i                             \
-			= mie_interface_definition_create(d, iface_name);      \
-		if (!i) {                                                      \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}
+#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(func_prefix, iface_name)          \
+        struct mie_interface_definition* func_prefix##_interface_create( \
+            struct mie_dialect* d, struct mie_ctx* ctx)                  \
+        {                                                                \
+                struct mie_interface_definition* i                       \
+                    = mie_interface_definition_create(d, iface_name);    \
+                if (!i) {                                                \
+                        return NULL;                                     \
+                }
 
-#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_END()                                         \
-	return i;                                                              \
-	}
+#define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_END() \
+        return i;                      \
+        }
 
 #define MIE_INTERFACE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(name) i->if_size = sizeof(name)
 
@@ -186,63 +192,143 @@
 /*                         PASS DEFINITION MACROS                             */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_BEGIN(prefix)                                      \
-	struct mie_pass_definition *prefix##_pass_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx)  \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_pass_definition *p = mie_pass_definition_create();  \
-		if (!p) {                                                      \
-			return NULL;                                           \
-		}
+#define MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_BEGIN(prefix)                                     \
+        struct mie_pass_definition* prefix##_pass_create(struct mie_ctx* ctx) \
+        {                                                                     \
+                struct mie_pass_definition* p = mie_pass_definition_create(); \
+                if (!p) {                                                     \
+                        return NULL;                                          \
+                }
 
-#define MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_END()                                              \
-	if (mie_ctx_register_pass(ctx, p) != MIE_SUCCESS) {                    \
-		return NULL;                                                   \
-	}                                                                      \
-	return p;                                                              \
-	}
+#define MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_END()                           \
+        if (mie_ctx_register_pass(ctx, p) != MIE_SUCCESS) { \
+                return NULL;                                \
+        }                                                   \
+        return p;                                           \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_PASS_NAME(name)        p->p_name = (name)
+#define MIE_PASS_NAME(name) p->p_name = (name)
 #define MIE_PASS_DESCRIPTION(desc) p->p_description = (desc)
-#define MIE_PASS_STRUCT(c_struct)  p->p_data_size = sizeof(c_struct)
-#define MIE_PASS_TYPE(type)        p->p_type = (type)
-#define MIE_PASS_INIT(func)        p->p_init = (func)
-#define MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM(func)                                               \
-	p->p_transform = (func);                                               \
-	p->p_type = MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM
-#define MIE_PASS_ANALYSE(func)                                                 \
-	p->p_analyse = (func);                                                 \
-	p->p_type = MIE_PASS_ANALYSE
-#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_OP(dialect, op)                                        \
-	p->p_filter.f_op = mie_ctx_get_op_definition(ctx, dialect, op)
-#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_TRAIT(dialect, tr)                                     \
-	p->p_filter.f_trait = mie_ctx_get_trait_definition(ctx, dialect, tr)
-#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_INTERFACE(dialect, ifn)                                \
-	p->p_filter.f_iface = mie_ctx_get_iface_definition(ctx, dialect, ifn)
+#define MIE_PASS_STRUCT(c_struct) p->p_data_size = sizeof(c_struct)
+#define MIE_PASS_TYPE(type) p->p_type = (type)
+#define MIE_PASS_INIT(func) p->p_init = (func)
+#define MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM(func) \
+        p->p_transform = (func); \
+        p->p_type = MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM
+#define MIE_PASS_ANALYSE(func) \
+        p->p_analyse = (func); \
+        p->p_type = MIE_PASS_ANALYSE
+#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_OP(dialect, op) \
+        p->p_filter.f_op = mie_ctx_get_op_definition(ctx, dialect, op)
+#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_TRAIT(dialect, tr) \
+        p->p_filter.f_trait = mie_ctx_get_trait_definition(ctx, dialect, tr)
+#define MIE_PASS_FILTER_INTERFACE(dialect, ifn) \
+        p->p_filter.f_iface = mie_ctx_get_iface_definition(ctx, dialect, ifn)
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 /*                            PASS GROUP MACROS                               */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_BEGIN(prefix)                                           \
-	enum mie_status prefix##_passes_register(struct mie_ctx *ctx)          \
-	{                                                                      \
-		struct mie_pass_definition *pass = NULL;
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_BEGIN(prefix)                                  \
+        enum mie_status prefix##_passes_register(struct mie_ctx* ctx) \
+        {                                                             \
+                struct mie_pass_definition* pass = NULL;
 
-#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_END()                                                   \
-	return MIE_SUCCESS;                                                    \
-	}
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_END() \
+        return MIE_SUCCESS;  \
+        }
 
-#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_DECLARATION(prefix)                                     \
-	enum mie_status prefix##_passes_register(struct mie_ctx *);
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_DECLARATION(prefix) \
+        enum mie_status prefix##_passes_register(struct mie_ctx*);
 
-#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_ADD_PASS(id)                                            \
-	do {                                                                   \
-		extern struct mie_pass_definition *id##_pass_create(           \
-			struct mie_ctx *);                                     \
-		pass = id##_pass_create(ctx);                                  \
-		if (!pass) {                                                   \
-			return MIE_ERR_INTERNAL_FAILURE;                       \
-		}                                                              \
-	} while (0)
+#define MIE_PASS_GROUP_ADD_PASS(id)                                  \
+        do {                                                         \
+                extern struct mie_pass_definition* id##_pass_create( \
+                    struct mie_ctx*);                                \
+                pass = id##_pass_create(ctx);                        \
+                if (!pass) {                                         \
+                        return MIE_ERR_INTERNAL_FAILURE;             \
+                }                                                    \
+        } while (0)
 
 #endif
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                          REWRITE PATTERN MACROS                            */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_BEGIN(name)                                \
+        struct mie_pattern* name##_create(struct mie_pattern_set* set) \
+        {                                                              \
+                struct mie_pattern* self = mie_pattern_set_add(set);   \
+                if (!self) {                                           \
+                        return NULL;                                   \
+                }
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_END() \
+        return self;              \
+        }
+
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_ROOT(dialect_name, op_name) \
+        self->p_root.t_dialect_name = (dialect_name);   \
+        self->p_root.t_op_name = (op_name)
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_MATCH(func) self->p_match = (func)
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_REWRITE(func) self->p_rewrite = (func)
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                             DIAG CLASS MACROS                              */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define __MIE_CNAME2(x, y) x##_##y
+#define __MIE_CNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_CNAME(fun) __MIE_CNAME1(MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define __MIE_CSNAME2(x, y) #x #y
+#define __MIE_CSNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CSNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_CSNAME(fun) __MIE_CSNAME1(MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_EXTERN(list_name)     \
+        extern struct mie_diag_class list_name[]; \
+        extern const size_t list_name##_count
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_BEGIN(list_name) \
+        struct mie_diag_class list_name[] = {
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_END(list_name) \
+        }                                  \
+        ;                                  \
+        const size_t list_name##_count = sizeof(list_name) / sizeof(list_name[0]);
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS(id, type, title)            \
+        [__MIE_CNAME(id)] = {                      \
+                .c_id = __MIE_CNAME(id),           \
+                .c_type = MIE_DIAG_CLASS_##type,   \
+                .c_title = (title),                \
+                .c_id_str_short = #id,             \
+                .c_id_str_long = __MIE_CSNAME(id), \
+        },
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*                              DIAG MSG MACROS                               */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define __MIE_MNAME2(x, y) x##_##y
+#define __MIE_MNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_MNAME(fun) __MIE_CNAME1(MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define __MIE_MSNAME2(x, y) #x #y
+#define __MIE_MSNAME1(x, y) __MIE_CSNAME2(x, y)
+#define __MIE_MSNAME(fun) __MIE_CSNAME1(MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX, fun)
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_EXTERN(list_name)     \
+        extern struct mie_diag_msg list_name[]; \
+        extern const size_t list_name##_count
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(list_name) \
+        struct mie_diag_msg list_name[] = {
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_END(list_name) \
+        }                                \
+        ;                                \
+        const size_t list_name##_count = sizeof(list_name) / sizeof(list_name[0]);
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG(id, content)                    \
+        [__MIE_MNAME(id)] = {                        \
+                .msg_id = __MIE_MNAME(id),           \
+                .msg_content = (content),            \
+                .msg_id_str_short = #id,             \
+                .msg_id_str_long = __MIE_MSNAME(id), \
+        },

mie/include/mie/name.h

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ struct mie_name {
 
 	/* if this name was read from a file, these structs can be used to
 	 * record the location within the file where the name is found. */
-	struct mie_file_span n_start, n_end;
+	struct mie_file_span n_span;
 };
 
 struct mie_name_map {

mie/include/mie/parse/lex.h

@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 #ifndef MIE_PARSE_LEX_H_
 #define MIE_PARSE_LEX_H_
 
+#include <blue/core/queue.h>
 #include <blue/core/stream.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
 #include <mie/status.h>
 
 struct mie_lex;
+struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_token;
+struct mie_line_source;
 
-MIE_API struct mie_lex *mie_lex_create(b_stream *src);
+MIE_API struct mie_lex *mie_lex_create(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 MIE_API void mie_lex_destroy(struct mie_lex *lex);
 
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_lex_get_status(const struct mie_lex *lex);
+MIE_API struct mie_line_source *mie_lex_get_line_source(const struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API struct mie_token *mie_lex_peek(struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API void mie_lex_advance(struct mie_lex *lex);
 

mie/include/mie/parse/line-source.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef MIE_PARSE_LINE_SOURCE_H_
+#define MIE_PARSE_LINE_SOURCE_H_
+
+#include <blue/core/stream.h>
+#include <blue/ds/array.h>
+#include <blue/ds/string.h>
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+
+struct mie_line_source {
+	b_stream *s_stream;
+	const char *s_path;
+	b_string *s_linebuf;
+	b_iterator *s_linebuf_ptr;
+	b_array *s_lines;
+
+	struct mie_file_cell s_cursor;
+};
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_line_source_init(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, const char *path, b_stream *stream);
+MIE_API void mie_line_source_cleanup(struct mie_line_source *src);
+
+MIE_API const char *mie_line_source_get_path(const struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API const struct mie_file_cell *mie_line_source_get_cursor(
+	const struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API b_wchar mie_line_source_peekc(struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API b_wchar mie_line_source_getc(struct mie_line_source *src);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_line_source_get_row(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, size_t row, const b_string **out);
+
+MIE_API bool mie_line_source_input_available(struct mie_line_source *src);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/parse/parser.h

@@ -107,8 +107,7 @@ MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_register_list(
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_region(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent, struct mie_region *region);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_region_list(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent,
-	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_region, out));
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_anonymous_block(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names,
 	struct mie_block *block);

mie/include/mie/pass/pass-definition.h

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 struct mie_op;
 struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_pass;
+struct mie_dialect;
 struct mie_op_definition;
 struct mie_trait_definition;
 struct mie_interface_definition;
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ struct mie_pass_args {
 };
 
 struct mie_pass_filter {
+	const struct mie_dialect *f_dialect;
 	const struct mie_op_definition *f_op;
 	const struct mie_trait_definition *f_trait;
 	const struct mie_interface_definition *f_iface;

mie/include/mie/print/printer.h

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ enum mie_print_flags {
 	MIE_PRINT_F_INCLUDE_TYPE = 0x04u,
 	MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_BLOCK_HEADER = 0x08u,
 	MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_FIRST_BLOCK_HEADER = 0x10u,
+
+	MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS = 0x20u,
 };
 
 struct mie_printer {

mie/include/mie/rewrite/convert.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef MIE_REWRITE_CONVERT_H_
+#define MIE_REWRITE_CONVERT_H_
+
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+
+struct mie_pattern_set;
+struct mie_convert_config;
+
+MIE_API struct mie_convert_config *mie_convert_config_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API void mie_convert_config_destroy(struct mie_convert_config *cfg);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_convert_config_add_illegal_op(
+	struct mie_convert_config *cfg, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_convert_apply(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_convert_config *cfg,
+	struct mie_pattern_set *patterns);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/rewrite/greedy.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef MIE_REWRITE_GREEDY_H_
+#define MIE_REWRITE_GREEDY_H_
+
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+
+struct mie_pattern_set;
+struct mie_greedy_config;
+
+MIE_API struct mie_greedy_config *mie_greedy_config_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API void mie_greedy_config_destroy(struct mie_greedy_config *cfg);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_greedy_apply(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_greedy_config *cfg,
+	struct mie_pattern_set *patterns);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/rewrite/pattern.h

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#ifndef MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_H_
+#define MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_H_
+
+#include <mie/vector.h>
+
+#define MIE_REWRITE_RESULT(result, status)                                     \
+	((struct mie_rewrite_result) {.r_result = (result), .r_status = (status)})
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_rewriter;
+
+enum mie_match_result {
+	MIE_NO_MATCH_FOUND = 0,
+	MIE_MATCH_FOUND,
+};
+
+struct mie_rewrite_result {
+	enum {
+		MIE_REWRITE_SUCCESS = 0,
+		MIE_REWRITE_IGNORE,
+		MIE_REWRITE_FAILURE,
+	} r_result;
+	enum mie_status r_status;
+};
+
+struct mie_pattern {
+	struct {
+		const char *t_dialect_name, *t_op_name;
+		const struct mie_op_definition *t_op;
+	} p_root;
+
+	enum mie_match_result (*p_match)(const struct mie_op *);
+	struct mie_rewrite_result (*p_rewrite)(
+		struct mie_op *, struct mie_rewriter *);
+};
+
+struct mie_pattern_set {
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_pattern, s_patterns);
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_pattern_set_init(struct mie_pattern_set *set);
+MIE_API void mie_pattern_set_cleanup(struct mie_pattern_set *set);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_pattern *mie_pattern_set_add(struct mie_pattern_set *set);
+MIE_API struct mie_pattern *mie_pattern_set_match(
+	struct mie_pattern_set *set, const struct mie_op *op);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_match_result mie_pattern_match(
+	const struct mie_pattern *pattern, const struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API struct mie_rewrite_result mie_pattern_rewrite(
+	const struct mie_pattern *pattern, struct mie_op *op,
+	struct mie_rewriter *rewriter);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/rewrite/rewriter.h

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#ifndef MIE_IR_REWRITE_H_
+#define MIE_IR_REWRITE_H_
+
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
+#include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+#include <mie/vector.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_region;
+struct mie_register;
+struct mie_op_successor;
+
+struct mie_rewriter {
+	struct mie_emitter r_base;
+	struct mie_ctx *r_ctx;
+	/* anything ops added to the IR are inserted in this block. */
+	struct mie_block *r_insert_block;
+	/* anything ops added to the IR are inserted after this op.
+	 * if this is null, the insertion point is the end of r_insert_block. */
+	struct mie_op *r_insert_point;
+};
+
+MIE_API void mie_rewriter_init(struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+MIE_API void mie_rewriter_cleanup(struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_ctx *mie_rewriter_get_ctx(const struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_get_insertion_block(struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_get_insertion_point(struct mie_rewriter *rw);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_set_insertion_point(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *insert_point);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_split_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, struct mie_op *before,
+	const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_create_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *insert_before, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to, struct mie_block *before);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to, struct mie_block *after);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_rename_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to,
+	struct mie_block *before);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to,
+	struct mie_block *after);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to, struct mie_region *before);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to, struct mie_region *after);
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_put_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, const char *dialect, const char *op,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_replace_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_rewriter_add_op_successor(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *dest,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_erase_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_op_args_to_successor(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_successor *s);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_replace_register(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_register *old,
+	struct mie_register *new);
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_rename_register(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_register *reg, const char *name);
+
+MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_put_name(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint);
+
+#endif

mie/include/mie/vector.h

@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ struct mie_vector_ops {
 		&(vector.max), ops)
 #define mie_vector_pop_back(vector, ops)                                       \
 	__mie_vector_pop_back(                                                 \
-		(void **)&(vector), sizeof *vector, &(vector.count),           \
-		&(vector.max), ops)
+		(void **)&(vector.items), sizeof *vector.items,                \
+		&(vector.count), &(vector.max), ops)
 #define mie_vector_emplace_back(vector, ops)                                   \
 	__mie_vector_emplace_back(                                             \
 		(void **)&(vector.items), sizeof *vector.items,                \
@@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ struct mie_vector_ops {
 	__mie_vector_destroy(                                                  \
 		(void **)(vector), sizeof **vector, (vector##_count),          \
 		(vector##_max), ops)
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_item(vector, index)     (*vector)[index]
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_item_ptr(vector, index) (&(*vector)[index])
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_count(vector)           *(vector##_count)
+#define mie_vector_ref_get_max(vector)             *(vector##_count)
 
 /* don't use these functions */
 MIE_API int __mie_vector_push_back(

mie/ir/block.c

@@ -2,9 +2,230 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/register.h>
 
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_first_op(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_first(&block->b_ops);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_prev_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *before)
+{
+	if (!before || before->op_container != block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_prev(&before->op_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_next_op(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op *after)
+{
+	if (!after || after->op_container != block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_next(&after->op_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_last_op(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&block->b_ops);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_get_terminator(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *op_entry = b_queue_last(&block->b_ops);
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_op, op_entry, op_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_first_successor(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[0];
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_prev_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *before)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = before - &op->op_successors.items[0];
+	if (i == 0 || i >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[i - 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_next_successor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_op_successor *after)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = after - &op->op_successors.items[0];
+	if (i >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (i + 1 >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[i + 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_block_get_last_successor(const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_terminator(block);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t nr_successors = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors);
+
+	if (nr_successors == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &op->op_successors.items[nr_successors - 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_first_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	size_t nr_predecessors = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred);
+
+	if (nr_predecessors == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[0];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_prev_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *before)
+{
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = before - &block->b_ipred.items[0];
+	if (i == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[i - 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_next_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const struct mie_block_predecessor *after)
+{
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred) == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size_t i = after - &block->b_ipred.items[0];
+	if (i >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (i + 1 >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[i + 1];
+}
+
+struct mie_block_predecessor *mie_block_get_last_predecessor(
+	const struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	size_t nr_predecessors = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ipred);
+
+	if (nr_predecessors == 0) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &block->b_ipred.items[nr_predecessors - 1];
+}
+
 struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op(struct mie_block *block)
 {
-	return mie_vector_emplace_back(block->b_ops, NULL);
+	struct mie_op *op = malloc(sizeof *op);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	mie_op_init(op);
+	op->op_container = block;
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&block->b_ops, &op->op_entry);
+
+	return op;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_block_add_op_after(struct mie_block *block, struct mie_op *after)
+{
+	if (after && after->op_container != block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op *op = malloc(sizeof *op);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	mie_op_init(op);
+	op->op_container = block;
+
+	if (after) {
+		b_queue_insert_after(&block->b_ops, &op->op_entry, &after->op_entry);
+	} else {
+		b_queue_push_back(&block->b_ops, &op->op_entry);
+	}
+
+	return op;
 }
 
 struct mie_register *mie_block_add_param(struct mie_block *block)
@@ -17,3 +238,31 @@ struct mie_register *mie_block_add_param(struct mie_block *block)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+struct mie_register *mie_block_find_register(
+	const struct mie_block *block, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_op *start_point)
+{
+	const b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&block->b_ops);
+	if (start_point) {
+		entry = &start_point->op_entry;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_params); i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(block->b_params.items[i].reg_name.n_str, name)) {
+			return &block->b_params.items[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	while (entry) {
+		struct mie_op *op = b_unbox(struct mie_op, entry, op_entry);
+		struct mie_register *reg = mie_op_get_result_with_name(op, name);
+		if (reg) {
+			return reg;
+		}
+
+		entry = b_queue_prev(entry);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}

mie/ir/builder.c

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
 #include <mie/ir/block.h>
 #include <mie/ir/builder.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ struct builder_scope {
 };
 
 struct mie_builder {
+	struct mie_emitter b_base;
 	struct mie_ctx *b_ctx;
 	b_queue b_scope_stack;
 	struct mie_op *b_root;
@@ -28,6 +30,11 @@ struct mie_builder *mie_builder_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_op *root)
 
 	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
 
+	out->b_base.e_get_ctx = (mie_emit_get_ctx)mie_builder_get_ctx;
+	out->b_base.e_put_op = (mie_emit_put_op)mie_builder_put_op;
+	out->b_base.e_put_name = (mie_emit_put_name)mie_builder_put_name;
+	out->b_base.e_put_block = NULL;
+
 	out->b_ctx = ctx;
 	out->b_root = root;
 
@@ -41,6 +48,23 @@ struct mie_ctx *mie_builder_get_ctx(struct mie_builder *builder)
 	return builder->b_ctx;
 }
 
+static struct mie_name_map *get_current_name_map(struct mie_builder *builder)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_last(&builder->b_scope_stack);
+	while (cur) {
+		struct builder_scope *scope
+			= b_unbox(struct builder_scope, cur, s_entry);
+
+		if (scope->s_region && scope->s_region->r_names) {
+			return scope->s_region->r_names;
+		}
+
+		cur = b_queue_prev(cur);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
 struct mie_block *mie_builder_get_current_block(struct mie_builder *builder)
 {
 	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&builder->b_scope_stack);
@@ -56,12 +80,10 @@ struct mie_block *mie_builder_get_current_block(struct mie_builder *builder)
 
 void mie_builder_step_into_op(struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_op *op)
 {
-	struct mie_region *region = NULL;
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_get_last_region(op);
 
-	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions) == 0) {
+	if (!region) {
 		region = mie_op_add_region(op);
-	} else {
-		region = &op->op_regions.items[MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions) - 1];
 	}
 
 	mie_builder_step_into_region(builder, region);
@@ -70,12 +92,10 @@ void mie_builder_step_into_op(struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_op *op)
 void mie_builder_step_into_region(
 	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_region *region)
 {
-	struct mie_block *block = NULL;
+	struct mie_block *block = mie_region_get_last_block(region);
 
-	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(region->r_blocks) == 0) {
+	if (!block) {
 		block = mie_region_add_block(region);
-	} else {
-		block = &region->r_blocks.items[MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(region->r_blocks) - 1];
 	}
 
 	mie_builder_step_into_block(builder, block);
@@ -110,28 +130,6 @@ void mie_builder_step_out(struct mie_builder *builder)
 	free(scope);
 }
 
-static struct mie_block *create_current_block(struct mie_builder *builder)
-{
-	struct mie_region *region = NULL;
-
-	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(builder->b_root->op_regions) == 0) {
-		region = mie_op_add_region(builder->b_root);
-	} else {
-		region = &builder->b_root->op_regions
-		                  .items[MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(builder->b_root->op_result) - 1];
-	}
-
-	struct mie_block *block = NULL;
-
-	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(region->r_blocks) == 0) {
-		block = mie_region_add_block(region);
-	} else {
-		block = &region->r_blocks.items[MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(region->r_blocks)];
-	}
-
-	return block;
-}
-
 struct mie_op *mie_builder_put_op(
 	struct mie_builder *builder, const char *dialect, const char *op_name,
 	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args)
@@ -147,7 +145,6 @@ struct mie_op *mie_builder_put_op(
 	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_add_op(block);
 	op->op_flags = MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED;
 	op->op_info = op_def;
-	op->op_dialect = op_def->op_parent;
 
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_args; i++) {
 		struct mie_op_arg *arg = mie_op_add_arg(op);
@@ -163,9 +160,12 @@ struct mie_op *mie_builder_put_op(
 enum mie_status mie_builder_put_name(
 	struct mie_builder *builder, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint)
 {
-	struct mie_block *block = mie_builder_get_current_block(builder);
-	struct mie_region *scope = block->b_parent;
-	return mie_name_map_put(scope->r_names, name, hint, 0)
-	             ? MIE_SUCCESS
-	             : MIE_ERR_NAME_EXISTS;
+	struct mie_name_map *map = get_current_name_map(builder);
+	if (!map) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_name *result = mie_name_map_put(map, name, hint, 0);
+
+	return result ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NAME_EXISTS;
 }

mie/ir/emit.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
+
+struct mie_ctx *mie_emitter_get_ctx(struct mie_emitter *emitter)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_get_ctx) {
+		return emitter->e_get_ctx(emitter);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_emitter_put_name(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_put_name) {
+		return emitter->e_put_name(emitter, name, hint);
+	}
+
+	return MIE_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_emitter_put_op(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name, struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_put_op) {
+		return emitter->e_put_op(
+			emitter, dialect_name, op_name, args, nr_args);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_emitter_put_block(
+	struct mie_emitter *emitter, struct mie_block *insert_point)
+{
+	if (emitter->e_put_block) {
+		return emitter->e_put_block(emitter, insert_point);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}

mie/ir/op.c

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
@@ -64,6 +70,17 @@ void mie_op_cleanup(struct mie_op *op)
 	/* TODO */
 }
 
+size_t mie_op_get_name(const struct mie_op *op, char *out, size_t max)
+{
+	if (!(op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED)) {
+		return snprintf(out, max, "%s", op->op_name);
+	}
+
+	return snprintf(
+		out, max, "%s.%s", op->op_info->op_parent->d_name,
+		op->op_info->op_name);
+}
+
 struct mie_op_arg *mie_op_add_arg(struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	return mie_vector_emplace_back(op->op_args, &op_arg_vector_ops);
@@ -76,19 +93,82 @@ struct mie_register *mie_op_add_result(struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_type
 	result->reg_flags = MIE_REGISTER_F_VIRTUAL | MIE_REGISTER_F_OP_RESULT;
 	result->reg_type = ty;
 	result->reg_op = op;
+	result->reg_block = op->op_container;
 
 	return result;
 }
 
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_op_add_successor(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *block, struct mie_register **args,
+	size_t nr_args)
+{
+	struct mie_op_successor *s
+		= mie_vector_emplace_back(op->op_successors, NULL);
+
+	s->s_flags = MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED;
+	s->s_block = block;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_args; i++) {
+		struct mie_op_arg *arg
+			= mie_vector_emplace_back(s->s_args, &op_arg_vector_ops);
+
+		arg->arg_flags = MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = args[i];
+		arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+		b_queue_push_back(&args[i]->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+	}
+
+	return s;
+}
+
+static bool is_isolated(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	if (!(op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_trait *isolated = mie_trait_table_get_unique(
+		&op->op_info->op_traits, "builtin", "isolated-from-above");
+	return isolated != NULL;
+}
+
 struct mie_region *mie_op_add_region(struct mie_op *op)
 {
-	struct mie_region *region = mie_vector_emplace_back(op->op_regions, NULL);
-	region->r_names = mie_name_map_create(NULL);
+	bool isolated = is_isolated(op);
+
+	struct mie_region *region = malloc(sizeof *region);
+	if (!region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
 	region->r_parent = op;
 
+	if (isolated) {
+		region->r_names = mie_name_map_create(NULL);
+	}
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&op->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+
 	return region;
 }
 
+bool mie_op_is(const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name)
+{
+	if (!op->op_info || !op->op_info->op_parent) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(op->op_info->op_parent->d_name, dialect_name) != 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(op->op_info->op_name, op_name) != 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 bool mie_op_has_trait(
 	const struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name, const char *trait_name)
 {
@@ -119,3 +199,109 @@ bool mie_op_has_interface(
 		&op->op_info->op_iface, dialect_name, iface_name);
 	return p != NULL;
 }
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_first_region(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_first(&op->op_regions);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_prev_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *before)
+{
+	if (!before || before->r_parent != op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_prev(&before->r_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_next_region(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_region *after)
+{
+	if (!after || after->r_parent != op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_next(&after->r_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_region *mie_op_get_last_region(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&op->op_regions);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_region, entry, r_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_op_get_arg(const struct mie_op *op, size_t index)
+{
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) <= index) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_arg *arg = &op->op_args.items[index];
+	if (!(arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return arg->arg_value.u_reg;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_op_get_result_with_name(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const char *name)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(op->op_result.items[i].reg_name.n_str, name)) {
+			return &op->op_result.items[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_op_get_first_child_op(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	struct mie_region *first_region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	if (!first_region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *first_block = mie_region_get_first_block(first_region);
+	if (!first_block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return mie_block_get_first_op(first_block);
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_op_get_last_child_op(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	struct mie_region *last_region = mie_op_get_last_region(op);
+	if (!last_region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *last_block = mie_region_get_last_block(last_region);
+	if (!last_block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return mie_block_get_last_op(last_block);
+}

mie/ir/region.c

@@ -1,18 +1,132 @@
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_first_block(const struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_prev_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *before)
+{
+	if (!before || before->b_parent != region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_prev(&before->b_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_next_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const struct mie_block *after)
+{
+	if (!after || after->b_parent != region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_next(&after->b_entry);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_get_last_block(const struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_last(&region->r_blocks);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return b_unbox(struct mie_block, entry, b_entry);
+}
+
 struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block(struct mie_region *region)
 {
-	struct mie_block *block = mie_vector_emplace_back(
-		region->r_blocks, &mie_block_vector_ops);
+	struct mie_block *block = malloc(sizeof *block);
 
 	if (!block) {
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	memset(block, 0x0, sizeof *block);
 	block->b_parent = region;
+	block->b_id = MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&region->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
 
 	return block;
 }
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_after(
+	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *after)
+{
+	if (after->b_parent != region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *block = malloc(sizeof *block);
+
+	if (!block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(block, 0x0, sizeof *block);
+	block->b_parent = region;
+
+	b_queue_insert_after(&region->r_blocks, &block->b_entry, &after->b_entry);
+
+	return block;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_region_find_block(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		if (!strcmp(block->b_name.n_str, name)) {
+			return block;
+		}
+
+		cur = b_queue_next(cur);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_region_find_register(
+	const struct mie_region *region, const char *name)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		struct mie_register *reg
+			= mie_block_find_register(block, name, NULL);
+		if (reg) {
+			return reg;
+		}
+
+		cur = b_queue_next(cur);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}

mie/ir/resolve.c

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/ir/register.h>
+
+enum register_find_result {
+	REG_FIND_NONE = 0,
+	REG_FIND_USE_BEFORE_DEFINE,
+	REG_FIND_UNDOMINATED,
+	REG_FIND_ISOLATED,
+};
+
+bool mie_op_resolve_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	const char *dialect_name = NULL, *op_name = NULL;
+
+	char *dot = strchr(op->op_name, '.');
+	if (dot) {
+		*dot = 0;
+		dialect_name = op->op_name;
+		op_name = dot + 1;
+	} else {
+		dialect_name = NULL;
+		op_name = op->op_name;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_dialect *dialect = mie_ctx_get_dialect(ctx, dialect_name);
+	if (dot) {
+		*dot = '.';
+	}
+
+	/* dialect_name is no longer valid after this point */
+	dialect_name = NULL;
+
+	if (!dialect) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_definition *op_info
+		= mie_dialect_get_op(dialect, op_name);
+	if (!op_info) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	op->op_info = op_info;
+
+	free(op->op_name);
+	op->op_name = NULL;
+
+	op->op_flags |= MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static enum register_find_result find_register_wide(
+	struct mie_op *op, const char *name, struct mie_register **out)
+{
+	struct mie_region *region = op->op_container->b_parent;
+	enum register_find_result result = REG_FIND_UNDOMINATED;
+	struct mie_register *reg = NULL;
+
+	while (region) {
+		reg = mie_region_find_register(region, name);
+		if (reg) {
+			*out = reg;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		struct mie_op *op = region->r_parent;
+		if (mie_op_has_trait(op, "builtin", "isolated-from-above")) {
+			result = REG_FIND_ISOLATED;
+		}
+
+		region = op->op_container ? op->op_container->b_parent : NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (!reg) {
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	if (reg->reg_block == op->op_container) {
+		return REG_FIND_USE_BEFORE_DEFINE;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static bool resolve_arg(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_arg *arg, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	const char *arg_name = arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name;
+	struct mie_block *block = op->op_container;
+	struct mie_op *search_start = op;
+	struct mie_register *reg = NULL;
+
+	while (block) {
+		reg = mie_block_find_register(block, arg_name, search_start);
+		if (reg) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		search_start = NULL;
+		block = block->b_idom;
+	}
+
+	if (reg) {
+		free(arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name);
+		arg->arg_flags |= MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+
+		memset(&arg->arg_value, 0x0, sizeof arg->arg_value);
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = reg;
+		arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+		b_queue_push_back(&reg->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	enum register_find_result find_result
+		= find_register_wide(op, arg_name, &reg);
+
+	struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_push_diag(
+		ctx, op->op_src, &arg->arg_span.s_start, "builtin",
+		MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_VALUE);
+	mie_diag_push_msg(diag, ctx, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRESOLVED_VALUE);
+
+	struct mie_diag_highlight hl[] = {
+		{
+			.hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR,
+			.hl_span = arg->arg_span,
+		},
+	};
+
+	mie_diag_push_snippet(
+		diag, arg->arg_span.s_start.c_row, arg->arg_span.s_end.c_row,
+		NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+
+	if (!reg) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *reg_container = reg->reg_block;
+
+	switch (find_result) {
+	case REG_FIND_ISOLATED:
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_OUTSIDE_ISOLATED_REGION);
+		break;
+	case REG_FIND_UNDOMINATED:
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_NON_DOMINANT_BLOCK);
+		break;
+	case REG_FIND_USE_BEFORE_DEFINE:
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_AFTER_USE);
+		break;
+	default:
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	hl[0].hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_HINT;
+	hl[0].hl_span = reg->reg_span;
+
+	mie_diag_push_snippet(
+		diag, reg->reg_span.s_start.c_row, reg->reg_span.s_end.c_row,
+		NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+
+	if (!reg_container) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	hl[0].hl_span = reg_container->b_name.n_span;
+
+	mie_diag_push_snippet(
+		diag, reg_container->b_name.n_span.s_start.c_row,
+		reg_container->b_name.n_span.s_end.c_row, NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool resolve_successor(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_successor *s, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (s->s_flags & MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *container = op->op_container;
+	struct mie_region *region = container ? container->b_parent : NULL;
+	if (!region) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_diag *diag = NULL;
+	struct mie_block *dest = mie_region_find_block(region, s->s_block_name);
+	if (!dest) {
+		diag = mie_ctx_push_diag(
+			ctx, op->op_src, &s->s_name_span.s_start, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR);
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, ctx, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK);
+		const struct mie_diag_highlight hl[] = {
+			{
+				.hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR,
+				.hl_span = s->s_name_span,
+			},
+		};
+		mie_diag_push_snippet(
+			diag, s->s_name_span.s_start.c_row,
+			s->s_name_span.s_end.c_row, NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	free(s->s_block_name);
+	s->s_block = dest;
+	s->s_flags |= MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool mie_op_resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	bool ok = true;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (!resolve_arg(op, &op->op_args.items[i], ctx)) {
+			ok = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors); i++) {
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = &op->op_successors.items[i];
+		for (size_t k = 0; k < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(s->s_args); k++) {
+			if (!resolve_arg(op, &s->s_args.items[k], ctx)) {
+				ok = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok;
+}
+
+bool mie_op_resolve_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	bool ok = true;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors); i++) {
+		if (!resolve_successor(op, &op->op_successors.items[i], ctx)) {
+			ok = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok;
+}

mie/lt-idom.c

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+struct set {
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(unsigned int, v);
+};
+
+struct dfs_stack_item {
+	struct mie_block *i_parent, *i_node;
+};
+
+struct lt_ctx {
+	size_t nr_nodes;
+	struct mie_block **vertex;
+	struct set *bucket;
+	unsigned int *semi;
+	unsigned int *idom;
+	unsigned int *samedom;
+	unsigned int *parent;
+	unsigned int *ancestor;
+	unsigned int *label;
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct dfs_stack_item, dfstack);
+};
+
+#if 0
+static B_BTREE_DEFINE_SIMPLE_INSERT(struct mie_block, b_node, b_id, put_block_by_id);
+static B_BTREE_DEFINE_SIMPLE_GET(
+	struct mie_block, size_t, b_node, b_id, get_block_by_id);
+#endif
+
+static void set_add(struct set *set, unsigned int val)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(set->v); i++) {
+		if (set->v.items[i] == val) {
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mie_vector_push_back(set->v, &val, NULL);
+}
+
+static struct mie_block *pop_block_successor(
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_block *, successors))
+{
+	size_t count = mie_vector_ref_get_count(successors);
+	if (count == 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *out = mie_vector_ref_get_item(successors, count - 1);
+	mie_vector_ref_pop_back(successors, NULL);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+static void enqueue_block_successors(
+	struct mie_block *block,
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_block *, successors))
+{
+	struct mie_op_successor *s = mie_block_get_first_successor(block);
+	struct mie_block_predecessor pred = {.p_block = block};
+
+	while (s) {
+		if (s->s_flags & MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED) {
+			mie_vector_ref_push_back(successors, &s->s_block, NULL);
+			mie_vector_push_back(s->s_block->b_ipred, &pred, NULL);
+		}
+
+		s = mie_block_get_next_successor(block, s);
+	}
+}
+
+static void dfs_stack_pop(
+	struct lt_ctx *ctx, struct mie_block **parent, struct mie_block **node)
+{
+	size_t nr = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(ctx->dfstack);
+	if (!nr) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	struct dfs_stack_item *item = &ctx->dfstack.items[nr - 1];
+	*parent = item->i_parent;
+	*node = item->i_node;
+	mie_vector_pop_back(ctx->dfstack, NULL);
+}
+
+static void dfs_stack_push(
+	struct lt_ctx *ctx, struct mie_block *parent, struct mie_block *node)
+{
+	struct dfs_stack_item item = {.i_node = node, .i_parent = parent};
+	mie_vector_push_back(ctx->dfstack, &item, NULL);
+}
+
+static void dfs(struct lt_ctx *ctx, struct mie_block *root)
+{
+	dfs_stack_push(ctx, NULL, root);
+	unsigned int id = 1;
+
+	while (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(ctx->dfstack) > 0) {
+		struct mie_block *p, *n;
+		dfs_stack_pop(ctx, &p, &n);
+
+		if (n->b_id != MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+#if 0
+		printf("dfs(p=%s, n=%s)\n", p ? p->b_name.n_str : "NA",
+		       n->b_name.n_str);
+#endif
+
+		n->b_id = id++;
+		ctx->vertex[n->b_id] = n;
+		ctx->semi[n->b_id] = n->b_id;
+		ctx->parent[n->b_id] = p ? p->b_id : MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
+
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = mie_block_get_first_successor(n);
+		while (s) {
+			dfs_stack_push(ctx, n, s->s_block);
+			mie_vector_push_back(s->s_block->b_ipred, &n, NULL);
+			s = mie_block_get_next_successor(n, s);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void link(struct lt_ctx *ctx, unsigned int parent, unsigned int node)
+{
+	ctx->ancestor[node] = parent;
+	ctx->label[node] = node;
+}
+
+static unsigned int eval(struct lt_ctx *ctx, unsigned int v)
+{
+	unsigned int a = ctx->ancestor[v];
+	if (ctx->ancestor[a] > MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID) {
+		unsigned int b = eval(ctx, a);
+		ctx->ancestor[v] = ctx->ancestor[a];
+		if (ctx->semi[b] < ctx->semi[ctx->label[v]]) {
+			ctx->label[v] = b;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ctx->label[v];
+}
+
+static void reset_block_relationship_metadata(struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+
+		block->b_id = MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
+		block->b_idom = NULL;
+		// block->b_sdom   = block->b_dfs_parent = NULL;
+		mie_vector_destroy(block->b_ipred, NULL);
+
+		cur = b_queue_next(cur);
+	}
+
+	memset(&region->r_blocks_s, 0x0, sizeof region->r_blocks_s);
+}
+
+static void lt_ctx_init(struct lt_ctx *ctx, size_t nr_nodes)
+{
+	memset(ctx, 0x0, sizeof *ctx);
+	ctx->idom = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->samedom = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->vertex = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(struct mie_block *));
+	ctx->bucket = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(struct set));
+	ctx->semi = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->parent = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->ancestor = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	ctx->label = calloc(nr_nodes + 1, sizeof(unsigned int));
+}
+
+static void lt_ctx_cleanup(struct lt_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	free(ctx->idom);
+	free(ctx->samedom);
+	free(ctx->vertex);
+	free(ctx->bucket);
+	free(ctx->semi);
+	free(ctx->parent);
+	free(ctx->ancestor);
+	free(ctx->label);
+}
+
+void mie_region_refresh_dominance(struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	struct lt_ctx ctx;
+	size_t nr_nodes = b_queue_length(&region->r_blocks);
+	lt_ctx_init(&ctx, nr_nodes);
+
+	struct mie_block *root = mie_region_get_first_block(region);
+
+	reset_block_relationship_metadata(region);
+	dfs(&ctx, root);
+
+	for (size_t i = nr_nodes; i > 0; i--) {
+		struct mie_block *n = ctx.vertex[i];
+		unsigned int p = ctx.parent[i];
+		unsigned int s = p;
+
+		struct mie_block_predecessor *pred
+			= mie_block_get_first_predecessor(n);
+		while (pred) {
+			struct mie_block *v = pred->p_block;
+			unsigned int s_prime = MIE_BLOCK_ID_INVALID;
+
+			if (v->b_id <= n->b_id) {
+				s_prime = v->b_id;
+			} else {
+				s_prime = eval(&ctx, v->b_id);
+				s_prime = ctx.semi[s_prime];
+			}
+
+			if (s_prime < s) {
+				s = s_prime;
+			}
+
+			pred = mie_block_get_next_predecessor(n, pred);
+		}
+
+		ctx.semi[n->b_id] = s;
+		set_add(&ctx.bucket[s], n->b_id);
+		link(&ctx, p, n->b_id);
+
+		for (size_t k = 0; k < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(ctx.bucket[p].v); k++) {
+			unsigned int v = ctx.bucket[p].v.items[k];
+			unsigned int y = eval(&ctx, v);
+			if (ctx.semi[y] == ctx.semi[p]) {
+				ctx.idom[v] = p;
+			} else {
+				ctx.samedom[v] = y;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 1; i <= nr_nodes; i++) {
+		struct mie_block *n = ctx.vertex[i];
+		if (ctx.samedom[i] > 0) {
+			ctx.idom[i] = ctx.idom[ctx.samedom[i]];
+		}
+
+		n->b_idom = ctx.vertex[ctx.idom[i]];
+		// n->b_sdom = ctx.vertex[ctx.semi[i]];
+		// n->b_dfs_parent = ctx.vertex[ctx.parent[i]];
+	}
+
+	lt_ctx_cleanup(&ctx);
+}

mie/name.c

@@ -305,6 +305,10 @@ void mie_name_move(struct mie_name *dst, struct mie_name *src)
 void mie_name_destroy(struct mie_name *name)
 {
 	struct mie_name_map *parent = name->n_parent;
+	if (!parent) {
+		return;
+	}
+
 	struct mie_name_map_entry *entry
 		= get_entry(&parent->m_entries, name->n_base.e_hash);
 	struct mie_name_bucket *bucket = NULL;

mie/parse/lex.c

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
 #include <blue/ds/number.h>
 #include <blue/ds/string.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -66,6 +70,14 @@ static struct mie_lex_symbol_node *get_symbol_node(
 	return NULL;
 }
 
+static struct mie_diag *push_diag(struct mie_lex *lex, unsigned long diag_class)
+{
+	return mie_ctx_push_diag(
+		lex->lex_ctx, lex->lex_source,
+		mie_line_source_get_cursor(lex->lex_source), "builtin",
+		diag_class);
+}
+
 static b_string *get_temp_string(struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
 	if (!lex->lex_temp) {
@@ -145,7 +157,7 @@ static struct mie_lex_symbol_node *build_symbol_tree(void)
 	return root;
 }
 
-struct mie_lex *mie_lex_create(b_stream *src)
+struct mie_lex *mie_lex_create(struct mie_line_source *src, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct mie_lex *lex = malloc(sizeof *lex);
 	if (!lex) {
@@ -154,11 +166,10 @@ struct mie_lex *mie_lex_create(b_stream *src)
 
 	memset(lex, 0x0, sizeof *lex);
 
-	lex->lex_cursor_row = lex->lex_cursor_col = 1;
+	lex->lex_ctx = ctx;
 
 	lex->lex_status = MIE_SUCCESS;
 	lex->lex_source = src;
-	lex->lex_linebuf = b_string_create();
 
 	lex->lex_sym_tree = build_symbol_tree();
 	if (!lex->lex_sym_tree) {
@@ -184,10 +195,6 @@ void mie_lex_destroy(struct mie_lex *lex)
 		entry = next;
 	}
 
-	if (lex->lex_linebuf) {
-		free(lex->lex_linebuf);
-	}
-
 	if (lex->lex_sym_tree) {
 		destroy_symbol_tree(lex->lex_sym_tree);
 	}
@@ -204,87 +211,9 @@ enum mie_status mie_lex_get_status(const struct mie_lex *lex)
 	return lex->lex_status;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status refill_linebuf(struct mie_lex *lex)
+struct mie_line_source *mie_lex_get_line_source(const struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
-	if (!lex->lex_source) {
-		return MIE_ERR_EOF;
-	}
-
-	if (lex->lex_linebuf_ptr) {
-		b_iterator_unref(lex->lex_linebuf_ptr);
-		lex->lex_linebuf_ptr = NULL;
-	}
-
-	b_stringstream *s = b_stringstream_create();
-
-	b_status status = b_stream_read_line_s(lex->lex_source, s);
-
-	if (status == B_ERR_NO_DATA) {
-		return MIE_ERR_EOF;
-	}
-
-	if (!B_OK(status)) {
-		return MIE_ERR_INTERNAL_FAILURE;
-	}
-
-	b_string_replace_all_with_stringstream(lex->lex_linebuf, s);
-	b_stringstream_unref(s);
-
-	lex->lex_linebuf_ptr = b_iterator_begin(lex->lex_linebuf);
-
-	return MIE_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int peek(struct mie_lex *lex)
-{
-	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
-
-	if (!lex->lex_linebuf_ptr || !b_iterator_is_valid(lex->lex_linebuf_ptr)) {
-		status = refill_linebuf(lex);
-	}
-
-	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
-		return -status;
-	}
-
-	if (b_string_get_size(lex->lex_linebuf, B_STRLEN_NORMAL) == 0) {
-		return -MIE_ERR_EOF;
-	}
-
-	b_wchar c = b_iterator_get_value(lex->lex_linebuf_ptr).v_int;
-	return c;
-}
-
-static int advance(struct mie_lex *lex)
-{
-	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
-
-	if (!b_iterator_is_valid(lex->lex_linebuf_ptr)) {
-		status = refill_linebuf(lex);
-	}
-
-	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
-		return -status;
-	}
-
-	if (b_string_get_size(lex->lex_linebuf, B_STRLEN_NORMAL) == 0) {
-		return -MIE_ERR_EOF;
-	}
-
-	b_wchar c = b_iterator_get_value(lex->lex_linebuf_ptr).v_int;
-	b_iterator_move_next(lex->lex_linebuf_ptr);
-
-	lex->lex_cursor_col++;
-	if (c == '\n') {
-		lex->lex_cursor_col = 1;
-		lex->lex_cursor_row++;
-	}
-	return c;
-}
-
-static bool input_available(struct mie_lex *lex)
-{
-	return lex->lex_linebuf_ptr && b_iterator_is_valid(lex->lex_linebuf_ptr);
+	return lex->lex_source;
 }
 
 static bool char_can_begin_symbol(char c)
@@ -313,22 +242,18 @@ static struct mie_token *create_token(enum mie_token_type type)
 
 static void set_token_start(struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
-	lex->lex_token_start_row = lex->lex_cursor_row;
-	lex->lex_token_start_col = lex->lex_cursor_col;
+	lex->lex_token_start = *mie_line_source_get_cursor(lex->lex_source);
 }
 
 static void set_token_end(struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
-	lex->lex_token_end_row = lex->lex_cursor_row;
-	lex->lex_token_end_col = lex->lex_cursor_col;
+	lex->lex_token_end = *mie_line_source_get_cursor(lex->lex_source);
 }
 
 static enum mie_status push_token(struct mie_lex *lex, struct mie_token *tok)
 {
-	tok->tok_location.s_start.c_row = lex->lex_token_start_row;
-	tok->tok_location.s_start.c_col = lex->lex_token_start_col;
-	tok->tok_location.s_end.c_row = lex->lex_token_end_row;
-	tok->tok_location.s_end.c_col = lex->lex_token_end_col;
+	tok->tok_location.s_start = lex->lex_token_start;
+	tok->tok_location.s_end = lex->lex_token_end;
 
 	b_queue_push_back(&lex->lex_queue, &tok->tok_entry);
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
@@ -423,7 +348,7 @@ static enum mie_status push_float(struct mie_lex *lex, double v)
 static enum mie_status read_line_comment(struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
 	while (true) {
-		b_wchar c = advance(lex);
+		b_wchar c = mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 
 		if (c == -MIE_ERR_EOF || c == '\n') {
 			break;
@@ -449,7 +374,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_number(struct mie_lex *lex, bool negate)
 	}
 
 	while (true) {
-		b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+		b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 		if (c == -MIE_ERR_EOF) {
 			break;
 		}
@@ -461,7 +386,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_number(struct mie_lex *lex, bool negate)
 		if (c == '_') {
 			token_len++;
 			set_token_end(lex);
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -479,7 +404,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_number(struct mie_lex *lex, bool negate)
 			char s[] = {c, 0};
 			b_string_append_cstr(str, s);
 			set_token_end(lex);
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -491,7 +416,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_number(struct mie_lex *lex, bool negate)
 			base = 16;
 			token_len++;
 			set_token_end(lex);
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -499,7 +424,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_number(struct mie_lex *lex, bool negate)
 			base = 2;
 			token_len++;
 			set_token_end(lex);
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -517,7 +442,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_number(struct mie_lex *lex, bool negate)
 
 		b_string_append_wc(str, c);
 		set_token_end(lex);
-		advance(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 		token_len++;
 	}
 
@@ -569,7 +494,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_ident(struct mie_lex *lex, enum mie_token_type type)
 	}
 
 	while (1) {
-		b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+		b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 
 		if ((c == '.' || c == '-') && prev == c) {
 			return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
@@ -586,7 +511,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_ident(struct mie_lex *lex, enum mie_token_type type)
 		prev = c;
 		b_string_append_wc(str, c);
 		set_token_end(lex);
-		advance(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 	}
 
 	if (type == MIE_TOK_NONE) {
@@ -613,17 +538,17 @@ static enum mie_status read_string(struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
 	b_string *str = get_temp_string(lex);
 
-	b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+	b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 	bool esc = false;
 
 	if (c != '"') {
 		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
-	advance(lex);
+	mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 
 	while (1) {
-		b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+		b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 
 		if (esc) {
 			switch (c) {
@@ -636,23 +561,23 @@ static enum mie_status read_string(struct mie_lex *lex)
 			}
 
 			esc = false;
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		if (c == '\\') {
 			esc = true;
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		if (c == '"') {
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 			break;
 		}
 
 		b_string_append_wc(str, c);
-		advance(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 	}
 
 	char *s = b_string_steal(str);
@@ -666,7 +591,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_symbol(struct mie_lex *lex)
 	b_wchar prev = 0;
 
 	while (true) {
-		b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+		b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 		if (c < 0) {
 			break;
 		}
@@ -679,11 +604,12 @@ static enum mie_status read_symbol(struct mie_lex *lex)
 
 		node = next;
 		set_token_end(lex);
-		advance(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 		prev = c;
 	}
 
 	if (!node || node->s_def == NULL) {
+		push_diag(lex, MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN);
 		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 
@@ -734,11 +660,11 @@ static enum mie_status read_symbol(struct mie_lex *lex)
 
 static void skip_whitespace(struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
-	b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+	b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 
 	while (b_wchar_is_space(c)) {
-		advance(lex);
-		c = peek(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
+		c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -755,34 +681,34 @@ static bool should_skip(b_wchar c, bool skip_linefeeds)
 
 static void skip_ignored_chars(struct mie_lex *lex, bool include_linefeeds)
 {
-	b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+	b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 
 	while (1) {
 		while (should_skip(c, include_linefeeds)) {
-			advance(lex);
-			c = peek(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
+			c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 		}
 
 		if (c != ';') {
 			break;
 		}
 
-		advance(lex);
-		c = peek(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
+		c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 
 		while (c != '\n') {
-			advance(lex);
-			c = peek(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
+			c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 		}
 
-		advance(lex);
-		c = peek(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
+		c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 	}
 }
 
 static enum mie_status pump_tokens(struct mie_lex *lex)
 {
-	b_wchar c = peek(lex);
+	b_wchar c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 
 	if (c < 0) {
 		return -c;
@@ -795,13 +721,13 @@ static enum mie_status pump_tokens(struct mie_lex *lex)
 			break;
 		}
 
-		c = peek(lex);
+		c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 	}
 
 	if (c == '\\') {
-		advance(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 		skip_ignored_chars(lex, true);
-		c = peek(lex);
+		c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 	}
 
 	if (c == '\n') {
@@ -809,13 +735,13 @@ static enum mie_status pump_tokens(struct mie_lex *lex)
 		set_token_end(lex);
 
 		while (c == '\n') {
-			advance(lex);
+			mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
 
-			if (!input_available(lex)) {
+			if (!mie_line_source_input_available(lex->lex_source)) {
 				break;
 			}
 
-			c = peek(lex);
+			c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 		}
 
 		if (c < 0) {
@@ -826,8 +752,8 @@ static enum mie_status pump_tokens(struct mie_lex *lex)
 	}
 
 	while (b_wchar_is_space(c) && c != '\n') {
-		advance(lex);
-		c = peek(lex);
+		mie_line_source_getc(lex->lex_source);
+		c = mie_line_source_peekc(lex->lex_source);
 	}
 
 	if (IS_VALID_IDENT_START_CHAR(c)) {
@@ -846,6 +772,20 @@ static enum mie_status pump_tokens(struct mie_lex *lex)
 		return read_number(lex, false);
 	}
 
+	struct mie_diag *diag = push_diag(lex, MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN);
+	mie_diag_push_msg(
+		diag, lex->lex_ctx, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN);
+	const struct mie_file_cell *cursor
+		= mie_line_source_get_cursor(lex->lex_source);
+	unsigned long line = cursor->c_row;
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight hl[] = {
+		{
+			.hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR,
+			.hl_span = {.s_start = *cursor, .s_end = *cursor},
+		},
+	};
+	const size_t nr_hl = sizeof hl / sizeof hl[0];
+	mie_diag_push_snippet(diag, line, line, NULL, 0, hl, nr_hl);
 	return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 }
 
@@ -893,7 +833,7 @@ bool mie_lex_tokens_available(struct mie_lex *lex)
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	if (input_available(lex)) {
+	if (mie_line_source_input_available(lex->lex_source)) {
 		return true;
 	}
 

mie/parse/lex.h

@@ -5,27 +5,24 @@
 #include <blue/ds/dict.h>
 #include <blue/ds/string.h>
 #include <mie/parse/lex.h>
+#include <mie/parse/line-source.h>
 #include <mie/parse/token.h>
 #include <mie/status.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 struct mie_lex {
 	struct mie_lex_symbol_node *lex_sym_tree;
-	b_stream *lex_source;
+	struct mie_line_source *lex_source;
 	enum mie_status lex_status;
 
+	struct mie_ctx *lex_ctx;
 	b_queue lex_queue;
 
 	b_string *lex_temp;
 	b_queue lex_state;
 	unsigned int lex_brace_depth;
 
-	unsigned long lex_token_start_row, lex_token_start_col;
-	unsigned long lex_token_end_row, lex_token_end_col;
-	unsigned long lex_cursor_row, lex_cursor_col;
-
-	b_string *lex_linebuf;
-	b_iterator *lex_linebuf_ptr;
+	struct mie_file_cell lex_token_start, lex_token_end;
 };
 
 struct mie_lex_symbol_node {

mie/parse/line-source.c

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+#include <mie/parse/line-source.h>
+
+enum mie_status mie_line_source_init(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, const char *path, b_stream *stream)
+{
+	memset(src, 0x0, sizeof *src);
+
+	src->s_lines = b_array_create();
+
+	if (!src->s_lines) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	src->s_stream = stream;
+	src->s_path = path;
+	src->s_cursor.c_col = 1;
+	src->s_cursor.c_row = 1;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void mie_line_source_cleanup(struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	if (src->s_linebuf_ptr) {
+		b_iterator_unref(src->s_linebuf_ptr);
+	}
+
+	if (src->s_lines) {
+		b_array_unref(src->s_lines);
+	}
+
+	memset(src, 0x0, sizeof *src);
+}
+
+const char *mie_line_source_get_path(const struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	return src->s_path;
+}
+
+const struct mie_file_cell *mie_line_source_get_cursor(
+	const struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	return &src->s_cursor;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status refill_linebuf(struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	if (!src->s_stream) {
+		return MIE_ERR_EOF;
+	}
+
+	if (src->s_linebuf_ptr) {
+		b_iterator_unref(src->s_linebuf_ptr);
+		src->s_linebuf_ptr = NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_stringstream *s = b_stringstream_create();
+
+	b_status status = b_stream_read_line_s(src->s_stream, s);
+
+	if (status == B_ERR_NO_DATA) {
+		return MIE_ERR_EOF;
+	}
+
+	if (!B_OK(status)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INTERNAL_FAILURE;
+	}
+
+	b_string *line = b_string_create();
+	b_string_replace_all_with_stringstream(line, s);
+	b_stringstream_unref(s);
+
+	b_array_append(src->s_lines, line);
+	b_string_unref(line);
+
+	src->s_linebuf = line;
+	src->s_linebuf_ptr = b_iterator_begin(src->s_linebuf);
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int peek(struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
+
+	if (!src->s_linebuf_ptr || !b_iterator_is_valid(src->s_linebuf_ptr)) {
+		status = refill_linebuf(src);
+	}
+
+	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		return -status;
+	}
+
+	if (b_string_get_size(src->s_linebuf, B_STRLEN_NORMAL) == 0) {
+		return -MIE_ERR_EOF;
+	}
+
+	b_wchar c = b_iterator_get_value(src->s_linebuf_ptr).v_int;
+	return c;
+}
+
+static int advance(struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
+
+	if (!b_iterator_is_valid(src->s_linebuf_ptr)) {
+		status = refill_linebuf(src);
+	}
+
+	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		return -status;
+	}
+
+	if (b_string_get_size(src->s_linebuf, B_STRLEN_NORMAL) == 0) {
+		return -MIE_ERR_EOF;
+	}
+
+	b_wchar c = b_iterator_get_value(src->s_linebuf_ptr).v_int;
+	b_iterator_move_next(src->s_linebuf_ptr);
+
+	src->s_cursor.c_col++;
+	if (c == '\n') {
+		src->s_cursor.c_col = 1;
+		src->s_cursor.c_row++;
+	}
+	return c;
+}
+
+b_wchar mie_line_source_peekc(struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	return peek(src);
+}
+
+b_wchar mie_line_source_getc(struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	return advance(src);
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_line_source_get_row(
+	struct mie_line_source *src, size_t row, const b_string **out)
+{
+	if (row == 0) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	row--;
+
+	if (row >= b_array_size(src->s_lines)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_EOF;
+	}
+
+	b_string *line = b_array_at(src->s_lines, row);
+	*out = line;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+bool mie_line_source_input_available(struct mie_line_source *src)
+{
+	return src->s_linebuf_ptr && b_iterator_is_valid(src->s_linebuf_ptr);
+}

mie/parse/parser.c

@@ -260,11 +260,11 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_symbol(struct mie_parser *ctx, enum mie_token_symbol sym)
 bool mie_parser_parse_linefeed(struct mie_parser *ctx)
 {
 	struct mie_token *tok = mie_lex_peek(ctx->p_lex);
-	if (tok->tok_type != MIE_TOK_LINEFEED) {
+	if (!MIE_TOKEN_IS(tok, MIE_TOK_LINEFEED)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	while (tok && tok->tok_type == MIE_TOK_LINEFEED) {
+	while (MIE_TOKEN_IS(tok, MIE_TOK_LINEFEED)) {
 		mie_lex_advance(ctx->p_lex);
 		tok = mie_lex_peek(ctx->p_lex);
 	}
@@ -543,6 +543,8 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_operand(struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_arg *out)
 		result = true;
 	}
 
+	out->arg_span = loc;
+
 	return result;
 }
 
@@ -611,6 +613,8 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_parameter(struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_arg *out)
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	out->arg_span = loc;
+
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
 		return false;
 	}
@@ -710,6 +714,7 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_register(
 		break;
 	}
 
+	out->reg_span = tok->tok_location;
 	mie_parser_advance(ctx);
 
 	return name != NULL;
@@ -798,15 +803,13 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_region(
 	return true;
 }
 
-bool mie_parser_parse_region_list(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent,
-	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_region, out))
+bool mie_parser_parse_region_list(struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent)
 {
 	if (!mie_parser_check_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACE)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	struct mie_region *region = mie_vector_ref_emplace_back(out, NULL);
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_add_region(parent);
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_region(ctx, parent, region)) {
 		return false;
@@ -821,7 +824,7 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_region_list(
 			break;
 		}
 
-		struct mie_region *region = mie_vector_ref_emplace_back(out, NULL);
+		struct mie_region *region = mie_op_add_region(parent);
 
 		if (!mie_parser_parse_region(ctx, parent, region)) {
 
@@ -837,8 +840,7 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_anonymous_block(
 {
 	mie_parser_parse_linefeed(ctx);
 
-	struct mie_op *op = mie_vector_emplace_back(block->b_ops, NULL);
-	mie_op_init(op);
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_add_op(block);
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_op(ctx, names, op)) {
 		return false;
@@ -855,8 +857,7 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_anonymous_block(
 			break;
 		}
 
-		struct mie_op *op = mie_vector_emplace_back(block->b_ops, NULL);
-		mie_op_init(op);
+		struct mie_op *op = mie_block_add_op(block);
 
 		if (!mie_parser_parse_op(ctx, names, op)) {
 			return false;
@@ -931,6 +932,8 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_block(
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	memcpy(&block->b_name.n_span, &span, sizeof span);
+
 	if (mie_parser_peek_symbol(ctx) == MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN
 	    && !parse_block_parameters(ctx, names, block)) {
 		return false;
@@ -950,8 +953,7 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_block(
 			break;
 		}
 
-		struct mie_op *op = mie_vector_emplace_back(block->b_ops, NULL);
-		mie_op_init(op);
+		struct mie_op *op = mie_block_add_op(block);
 		if (!mie_parser_parse_op(ctx, names, op)) {
 			return false;
 		}
@@ -969,9 +971,8 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_successor(struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_successor
 	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
 	b_string *str = get_temp_string(ctx);
 	bool result = false;
-	struct mie_file_span span;
 
-	if (!mie_parser_parse_blockname(ctx, str, &span)) {
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_blockname(ctx, str, &out->s_name_span)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -1090,8 +1091,7 @@ static bool parse_generic_op(
 
 	if (mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN)) {
 		mie_parser_parse_linefeed(ctx);
-		if (!mie_parser_parse_region_list(
-			    ctx, dest, MIE_VECTOR_REF(dest->op_regions))) {
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_region_list(ctx, dest)) {
 			return false;
 		}
 
@@ -1150,9 +1150,6 @@ static bool parse_graph_op(
 bool mie_parser_parse_op(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names, struct mie_op *dest)
 {
-	memset(dest, 0x0, sizeof *dest);
-	mie_attribute_map_init(&dest->op_attrib);
-
 	if (mie_parser_check_eof(ctx)) {
 		return false;
 	}
@@ -1168,6 +1165,15 @@ bool mie_parser_parse_op(
 		}
 	}
 
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(dest->op_result); i++) {
+		struct mie_register *reg = &dest->op_result.items[i];
+		reg->reg_flags |= MIE_REGISTER_F_OP_RESULT;
+		reg->reg_op = dest;
+		reg->reg_block = dest->op_container;
+	}
+
+	dest->op_src = mie_lex_get_line_source(ctx->p_lex);
+
 	if (mie_parser_check_type(ctx, MIE_TOK_NAME)) {
 		/* custom-format operation */
 		return parse_custom_op(ctx, names, dest);

mie/pass/builtin/builtin.c

@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@
 
 MIE_PASS_GROUP_BEGIN(mie_builtin)
 	MIE_PASS_GROUP_ADD_PASS(prefix_func_with_underscore);
+	MIE_PASS_GROUP_ADD_PASS(convert_scf_to_cf);
 MIE_PASS_GROUP_END()

mie/pass/builtin/convert-scf-to-cf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/cf.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/ir/walk.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/pass/pass-definition.h>
+#include <mie/pass/pass.h>
+#include <mie/rewrite/convert.h>
+#include <mie/rewrite/pattern.h>
+#include <mie/rewrite/rewriter.h>
+
+static bool op_is_flat(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static enum mie_match_result if_match(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	if (!mie_op_is(op, "scf", "if")) {
+		return MIE_NO_MATCH_FOUND;
+	}
+
+	return MIE_MATCH_FOUND;
+}
+
+static struct mie_rewrite_result if_rewrite(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_rewriter *rewriter)
+{
+	printf("if: rewriting %p %s.%s\n", op, op->op_info->op_parent->d_name,
+	       op->op_info->op_name);
+
+	struct mie_register *cond = mie_op_get_arg(op, 0);
+	struct mie_region *parent_region = op->op_container->b_parent;
+
+	struct mie_region *if_region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	struct mie_block *if_start = mie_region_get_first_block(if_region);
+	struct mie_block *if_end = mie_region_get_last_block(if_region);
+	struct mie_region *else_region = mie_op_get_next_region(op, if_region);
+	struct mie_block *else_start = mie_region_get_first_block(else_region);
+
+	struct mie_block *pre_block = op->op_container;
+	struct mie_block *end_block
+		= mie_rewriter_split_block(rewriter, pre_block, op, "if.end");
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+		struct mie_register *old_reg = &op->op_result.items[i];
+		struct mie_register *new_reg = mie_block_add_param(end_block);
+		new_reg->reg_type = old_reg->reg_type;
+		char *name = b_strdup(old_reg->reg_name.n_str);
+
+		mie_name_destroy(&old_reg->reg_name);
+		mie_rewriter_rename_register(rewriter, new_reg, name);
+		mie_rewriter_replace_register(rewriter, old_reg, new_reg);
+		free(name);
+	}
+
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, op, MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS);
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		if (!mie_op_is(item->i_op, "scf", "yield")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		printf("if: found scf.yield %p\n", item->i_op);
+
+		struct mie_op *br = mie_rewriter_replace_op(
+			rewriter, item->i_op, "cf", "br");
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = mie_rewriter_add_op_successor(
+			rewriter, br, end_block, NULL, 0);
+		mie_rewriter_move_op_args_to_successor(rewriter, br, s);
+
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+
+	mie_rewriter_move_blocks_after(
+		rewriter, if_region, parent_region, pre_block);
+	mie_rewriter_rename_block(rewriter, if_start, "if.then");
+
+	if (else_region) {
+		mie_rewriter_move_blocks_after(
+			rewriter, else_region, parent_region, if_end);
+		mie_rewriter_rename_block(rewriter, else_start, "if.else");
+	}
+
+	mie_rewriter_erase_op(rewriter, op);
+
+	mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(rewriter, pre_block);
+	mie_rewriter_set_insertion_point(rewriter, NULL);
+	mie_cf_br_cond_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(rewriter), cond, if_start, NULL, 0, else_start,
+		NULL, 0);
+
+	return MIE_REWRITE_RESULT(MIE_REWRITE_SUCCESS, MIE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_BEGIN(if_pattern)
+	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_ROOT("scf", "if");
+	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_MATCH(if_match);
+	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_REWRITE(if_rewrite);
+MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_END()
+
+static struct mie_pass_result transform(
+	struct mie_pass *pass, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_pass_args *args)
+{
+	printf("%s: taking a look at %p %s.%s\n", mie_pass_get_name(pass), op,
+	       op->op_info->op_parent->d_name, op->op_info->op_name);
+
+	struct mie_convert_config *cfg = mie_convert_config_create(args->p_ctx);
+	mie_convert_config_add_illegal_op(cfg, "scf", "if");
+
+	struct mie_pattern_set patterns = {};
+	if_pattern_create(&patterns);
+	mie_convert_apply(op, cfg, &patterns);
+
+	mie_pattern_set_cleanup(&patterns);
+	mie_convert_config_destroy(cfg);
+
+	return MIE_PASS_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_BEGIN(convert_scf_to_cf)
+	MIE_PASS_NAME("convert-scf-to-cf");
+	MIE_PASS_DESCRIPTION(
+		"Convert high-level SCF constructs to low-level CF operations "
+		"and blocks.");
+	MIE_PASS_TRANSFORM(transform);
+	MIE_PASS_FILTER_OP("func", "func");
+MIE_PASS_DEFINITION_END()

mie/pass/pass-manager.c

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/interface/interface-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/ir/walk.h>
@@ -87,18 +88,19 @@ enum mie_status mie_pass_manager_filter_op(
 		return MIE_SUCCESS;
 	}
 
-	if (!dialect_name || !op_name) {
+	if (!dialect_name) {
 		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
 	}
 
-	const struct mie_op_definition *op
-		= mie_ctx_get_op_definition(pm->pm_ctx, dialect_name, op_name);
-	if (!op) {
-		return MIE_ERR_NO_ENTRY;
+	if (!op_name) {
+		pm->pm_filter.f_dialect
+			= mie_ctx_get_dialect(pm->pm_ctx, dialect_name);
+		return pm->pm_filter.f_dialect ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_ENTRY;
 	}
 
-	pm->pm_filter.f_op = op;
-	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	pm->pm_filter.f_op
+		= mie_ctx_get_op_definition(pm->pm_ctx, dialect_name, op_name);
+	return pm->pm_filter.f_op ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_ENTRY;
 }
 
 enum mie_status mie_pass_manager_filter_trait(
@@ -152,6 +154,10 @@ static bool filter_check_op(
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	if (filter->f_dialect && op->op_info->op_parent != filter->f_dialect) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
 	if (filter->f_trait
 	    && !mie_op_has_trait(
 		    op, filter->f_trait->tr_parent->d_name,
@@ -199,16 +205,17 @@ static void schedule_passes(
 		b_queue_push_back(schedule, &sched->s_entry);
 	}
 
-	struct mie_walker *walker = mie_walker_begin(op, MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS);
-	while (mie_walker_step(walker) == MIE_SUCCESS) {
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, op, MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS);
+	do {
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(pm->pm_nested); i++) {
 			struct mie_pass_manager *nested = pm->pm_nested.items[i];
-			struct mie_walker_item *item = mie_walker_get(walker);
+			struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
 			schedule_passes(nested, schedule, item->i_op, depth + 1);
 		}
-	}
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
 
-	mie_walker_end(walker);
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
 }
 
 static void sched_item_execute(

mie/print/block.c

@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ static void print_block_header_params(
 static void print_block_header(
 	struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_block *block)
 {
-	if (!block->b_name.n_str && !MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_params)) {
+	bool first_block = b_queue_prev(&block->b_entry) == NULL;
+	if (first_block && !block->b_name.n_str) {
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -59,6 +60,8 @@ static void print_block_header(
 
 	if (block->b_name.n_str) {
 		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, block->b_name.n_str, NULL);
+	} else {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "<UNNAMED>", NULL);
 	}
 
 	print_block_header_params(printer, block);
@@ -76,10 +79,11 @@ void mie_printer_print_block(
 
 	b_stream_push_indent(printer->p_stream, 4);
 
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block->b_ops); i++) {
-		const struct mie_op *op = &block->b_ops.items[i];
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_block_get_first_op(block);
+	while (op) {
 		mie_printer_print_op(printer, op);
 		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '\n');
+		op = mie_block_get_next_op(block, op);
 	}
 
 	b_stream_pop_indent(printer->p_stream);

mie/print/op.c

@@ -11,11 +11,21 @@ void mie_printer_print_op_arg(
 	enum mie_register_flags arg_flags = 0;
 	const char *arg_name = NULL;
 	const struct mie_type *arg_type = NULL;
+	bool resolved = false;
 
 	if (MIE_TEST_FLAGS(arg->arg_flags, MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
-		arg_flags = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_flags;
-		arg_name = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_name.n_str;
-		arg_type = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_type;
+		resolved = true;
+
+		if (!arg->arg_value.u_reg) {
+			/* this should only be caused by an internal parser/rewriter bug */
+			arg_flags = 0;
+			arg_name = "<NULL>";
+			arg_type = NULL;
+		} else {
+			arg_flags = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_flags;
+			arg_name = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_name.n_str;
+			arg_type = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_type;
+		}
 	} else {
 		arg_flags = arg->arg_unresolved.reg_flags;
 		arg_name = arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name;
@@ -30,7 +40,13 @@ void mie_printer_print_op_arg(
 
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, arg_name, NULL);
 
-	if (!include_type) {
+	if (!resolved
+	    && MIE_TEST_FLAGS(
+		    printer->p_flags, MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS)) {
+		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '?');
+	}
+
+	if (!include_type || !arg_type) {
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -44,14 +60,23 @@ void mie_printer_print_op_successor(
 	bool compact)
 {
 	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '^');
+	bool resolved = false;
+
 	if (successor->s_flags & MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED) {
 		b_stream_write_string(
 			printer->p_stream, successor->s_block->b_name.n_str, NULL);
+		resolved = true;
 	} else {
 		b_stream_write_string(
 			printer->p_stream, successor->s_block_name, NULL);
 	}
 
+	if (!resolved
+	    && MIE_TEST_FLAGS(
+		    printer->p_flags, MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS)) {
+		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '?');
+	}
+
 	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(successor->s_args) == 0) {
 		return;
 	}
@@ -96,18 +121,24 @@ static void print_successor_list(
 
 static void print_region_list(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
-	if (!MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions)) {
+	if (b_queue_empty(&op->op_regions)) {
 		return;
 	}
 
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " (", NULL);
 
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions); i++) {
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	size_t i = 0;
+
+	while (region) {
 		if (i > 0) {
 			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
 		}
 
-		mie_printer_print_region(printer, &op->op_regions.items[i], 0);
+		mie_printer_print_region(printer, region, 0);
+
+		region = mie_op_get_next_region(op, region);
+		i++;
 	}
 
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ")", NULL);
@@ -195,9 +226,14 @@ static void print_generic_op(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	if (op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
 		b_stream_write_fmt(
 			printer->p_stream, NULL, "%s.%s",
-			op->op_dialect->d_name, op->op_info->op_name);
+			op->op_info->op_parent->d_name, op->op_info->op_name);
 	} else {
 		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, op->op_name, NULL);
+
+		if (MIE_TEST_FLAGS(
+			    printer->p_flags, MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS)) {
+			b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '?');
+		}
 	}
 
 	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '(');
@@ -263,7 +299,7 @@ void mie_printer_print_op_name(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op
 	if (printer->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_GENERIC) {
 		generic = true;
 		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '~');
-	} else if (!strcmp(op->op_dialect->d_name, "builtin")) {
+	} else if (!strcmp(op->op_info->op_parent->d_name, "builtin")) {
 		builtin = true;
 	}
 
@@ -274,7 +310,8 @@ void mie_printer_print_op_name(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op
 
 	if (generic || !builtin || !abbreviate) {
 		b_stream_write_fmt(
-			printer->p_stream, NULL, "%s.", op->op_dialect->d_name);
+			printer->p_stream, NULL, "%s.",
+			op->op_info->op_parent->d_name);
 	}
 
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, op->op_info->op_name, NULL);

mie/print/region.c

@@ -8,15 +8,20 @@ void mie_printer_print_region(
 {
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "{\n", NULL);
 
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(region->r_blocks); i++) {
+	struct mie_block *block = mie_region_get_first_block(region);
+	size_t i = 0;
+
+	while (block) {
 		enum mie_print_flags block_flags = 0;
 
 		if ((flags & MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_FIRST_BLOCK_HEADER) && (i == 0)) {
 			block_flags = MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_BLOCK_HEADER;
 		}
 
-		const struct mie_block *block = &region->r_blocks.items[i];
 		mie_printer_print_block(printer, block, block_flags);
+
+		block = mie_region_get_next_block(region, block);
+		i++;
 	}
 
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "}", NULL);

mie/rewrite/convert.c

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/walk.h>
+#include <mie/rewrite/convert.h>
+#include <mie/rewrite/pattern.h>
+#include <mie/rewrite/rewriter.h>
+#include <mie/vector.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+struct mie_convert_config {
+	struct mie_ctx *cfg_ctx;
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(const struct mie_op_definition *, cfg_illegal_ops);
+};
+
+struct mie_convert_config *mie_convert_config_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct mie_convert_config *out = malloc(sizeof *out);
+	if (!out) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+	out->cfg_ctx = ctx;
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+void mie_convert_config_destroy(struct mie_convert_config *cfg)
+{
+	mie_vector_destroy(cfg->cfg_illegal_ops, NULL);
+	free(cfg);
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_convert_config_add_illegal_op(
+	struct mie_convert_config *cfg, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name)
+{
+	const struct mie_op_definition *op
+		= mie_ctx_get_op_definition(cfg->cfg_ctx, dialect_name, op_name);
+	if (!op) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_ENTRY;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_definition **slot
+		= mie_vector_emplace_back(cfg->cfg_illegal_ops, NULL);
+	if (!slot) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	*slot = op;
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_convert_apply(
+	struct mie_op *root, struct mie_convert_config *cfg,
+	struct mie_pattern_set *patterns)
+{
+	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
+	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS
+	                                 | MIE_WALKER_F_POSTORDER
+	                                 | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD;
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, walk_flags);
+
+	struct mie_rewriter rw;
+	mie_rewriter_init(&rw, cfg->cfg_ctx);
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		struct mie_op *op = item->i_op;
+
+		struct mie_pattern *pattern = mie_pattern_set_match(patterns, op);
+		if (!pattern) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		struct mie_rewrite_result result
+			= mie_pattern_rewrite(pattern, op, &rw);
+		if (result.r_result == MIE_REWRITE_FAILURE) {
+			status = result.r_status;
+			break;
+		}
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+
+	return status;
+}

mie/rewrite/pattern-set.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <mie/rewrite/pattern.h>
+#include <mie/vector.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void mie_pattern_set_init(struct mie_pattern_set *set)
+{
+	memset(set, 0x0, sizeof *set);
+}
+
+void mie_pattern_set_cleanup(struct mie_pattern_set *set)
+{
+	mie_vector_destroy(set->s_patterns, NULL);
+}
+
+struct mie_pattern *mie_pattern_set_add(struct mie_pattern_set *set)
+{
+	return mie_vector_emplace_back(set->s_patterns, NULL);
+}
+
+struct mie_pattern *mie_pattern_set_match(
+	struct mie_pattern_set *set, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(set->s_patterns); i++) {
+		if (mie_pattern_match(&set->s_patterns.items[i], op)) {
+			return &set->s_patterns.items[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}

mie/rewrite/pattern.c

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include <mie/rewrite/pattern.h>
+
+enum mie_match_result mie_pattern_match(
+	const struct mie_pattern *pattern, const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	if (!pattern->p_match) {
+		return MIE_NO_MATCH_FOUND;
+	}
+
+	return pattern->p_match(op);
+}
+
+struct mie_rewrite_result mie_pattern_rewrite(
+	const struct mie_pattern *pattern, struct mie_op *op,
+	struct mie_rewriter *rewriter)
+{
+	if (!pattern->p_rewrite) {
+		return MIE_REWRITE_RESULT(
+			MIE_REWRITE_FAILURE, MIE_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
+	}
+
+	return pattern->p_rewrite(op, rewriter);
+}

mie/rewrite/rewriter.c

@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/rewrite/rewriter.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void mie_rewriter_init(struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	memset(rw, 0x0, sizeof *rw);
+	rw->r_ctx = ctx;
+
+	rw->r_base.e_get_ctx = (mie_emit_get_ctx)mie_rewriter_get_ctx;
+	rw->r_base.e_put_op = (mie_emit_put_op)mie_rewriter_put_op;
+	rw->r_base.e_put_name = (mie_emit_put_name)mie_rewriter_put_name;
+	rw->r_base.e_put_block = NULL;
+}
+
+void mie_rewriter_cleanup(struct mie_rewriter *rw)
+{
+	/* TODO */
+}
+
+struct mie_ctx *mie_rewriter_get_ctx(const struct mie_rewriter *rw)
+{
+	return rw->r_ctx;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_get_insertion_block(struct mie_rewriter *rw)
+{
+	return rw->r_insert_block;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_get_insertion_point(struct mie_rewriter *rw)
+{
+	return rw->r_insert_point;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block)
+{
+	rw->r_insert_block = block;
+	return block;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_set_insertion_point(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *insert_point)
+{
+	if (!insert_point && rw->r_insert_point) {
+		insert_point = mie_block_get_last_op(rw->r_insert_block);
+	}
+
+	rw->r_insert_point = insert_point;
+	return rw->r_insert_point;
+}
+
+static struct mie_name_map *get_name_map_for_region(struct mie_region *region)
+{
+	while (region) {
+		if (region->r_names) {
+			return region->r_names;
+		}
+
+		struct mie_op *op = region->r_parent;
+		if (!op) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		struct mie_block *block = op->op_container;
+		if (!block) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		region = block->b_parent;
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_split_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, struct mie_op *before,
+	const char *name)
+{
+	if (before->op_container != block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_region *region = block->b_parent;
+	struct mie_name_map *names = get_name_map_for_region(region);
+
+	struct mie_block *new_block = mie_region_add_block_after(region, block);
+	mie_name_map_put(names, &new_block->b_name, name, 0);
+
+	b_queue_entry *cur = &before->op_entry;
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_op *cur_op = b_unbox(struct mie_op, cur, op_entry);
+		b_queue_entry *next = b_queue_next(cur);
+		b_queue_delete(&block->b_ops, cur);
+		b_queue_push_back(&new_block->b_ops, cur);
+
+		cur_op->op_container = new_block;
+		cur = next;
+	}
+
+	return new_block;
+}
+
+struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_create_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *insert_before, const char *name)
+{
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to)
+{
+	if (block->b_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
+	b_queue_push_front(&to->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
+
+	block->b_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to)
+{
+	if (block->b_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
+	b_queue_push_back(&to->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
+
+	block->b_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to, struct mie_block *before)
+{
+	if (block->b_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	if (before->b_parent != to) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
+	b_queue_insert_before(&to->r_blocks, &block->b_entry, &before->b_entry);
+
+	block->b_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
+	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to, struct mie_block *after)
+{
+	if (block->b_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	if (after->b_parent != to) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, &block->b_entry);
+	b_queue_insert_after(&to->r_blocks, &block->b_entry, &after->b_entry);
+
+	block->b_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_rename_block(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, const char *name)
+{
+	struct mie_region *region = block->b_parent;
+	struct mie_name_map *names = get_name_map_for_region(region);
+
+	mie_name_destroy(&block->b_name);
+	struct mie_name *result = mie_name_map_put(names, &block->b_name, name, 0);
+
+	return result ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&from->r_blocks);
+	b_queue_entry *insert_point = NULL;
+	while (cur) {
+		b_queue_entry *next = b_queue_next(cur);
+
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, cur);
+
+		if (insert_point) {
+			b_queue_insert_after(&to->r_blocks, cur, insert_point);
+		} else {
+			b_queue_push_front(&to->r_blocks, cur);
+		}
+
+		block->b_parent = to;
+		insert_point = cur;
+		cur = next;
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&from->r_blocks);
+	while (cur) {
+		b_queue_entry *next = b_queue_next(cur);
+
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, cur);
+		b_queue_push_back(&to->r_blocks, cur);
+
+		block->b_parent = to;
+		cur = next;
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to,
+	struct mie_block *before)
+{
+	if (before->b_parent != to) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_last(&from->r_blocks);
+	while (cur) {
+		b_queue_entry *next = b_queue_prev(cur);
+
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, cur);
+		b_queue_insert_before(&to->r_blocks, cur, &before->b_entry);
+
+		block->b_parent = to;
+		cur = next;
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_blocks_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to,
+	struct mie_block *after)
+{
+	if (after->b_parent != to) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&from->r_blocks);
+	b_queue_entry *insert_point = &after->b_entry;
+
+	while (cur) {
+		b_queue_entry *next = b_queue_next(cur);
+
+		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
+		b_queue_delete(&from->r_blocks, cur);
+		b_queue_insert_after(&to->r_blocks, cur, insert_point);
+
+		block->b_parent = to;
+		insert_point = cur;
+		cur = next;
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_to_start(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to)
+{
+	if (region->r_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+	b_queue_push_front(&to->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+
+	region->r_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_to_end(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to)
+{
+	if (region->r_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+	b_queue_push_back(&to->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+
+	region->r_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_before(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to, struct mie_region *before)
+{
+	if (region->r_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	if (before->r_parent != to) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+	b_queue_insert_before(&to->op_regions, &region->r_entry, &before->r_entry);
+
+	region->r_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_region_after(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_region *region, struct mie_op *from,
+	struct mie_op *to, struct mie_region *after)
+{
+	if (region->r_parent != from) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	if (after->r_parent != to) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&from->op_regions, &region->r_entry);
+	b_queue_insert_after(&to->op_regions, &region->r_entry, &after->r_entry);
+
+	region->r_parent = to;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_put_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, const char *dialect_name, const char *op_name,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args)
+{
+	if (!rw->r_insert_block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_definition *op_def
+		= mie_ctx_get_op_definition(rw->r_ctx, dialect_name, op_name);
+	if (!op_def) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op *op
+		= mie_block_add_op_after(rw->r_insert_block, rw->r_insert_point);
+	if (!op) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	op->op_flags = MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED;
+	op->op_info = op_def;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_args; i++) {
+		struct mie_op_arg *arg = mie_op_add_arg(op);
+		arg->arg_flags = MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = args[i];
+		arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+		b_queue_push_back(&args[i]->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+	}
+
+	return op;
+}
+
+struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_replace_op(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, const char *dialect_name,
+	const char *op_name)
+{
+	const struct mie_op_definition *op_def
+		= mie_ctx_get_op_definition(rw->r_ctx, dialect_name, op_name);
+
+	if (!op_def) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	op->op_info = op_def;
+
+	return op;
+}
+
+struct mie_op_successor *mie_rewriter_add_op_successor(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *dest,
+	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args)
+{
+	return mie_op_add_successor(op, dest, args, nr_args);
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_erase_op(struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	struct mie_block *parent = op->op_container;
+	if (!parent) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	b_queue_delete(&parent->b_ops, &op->op_entry);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors); i++) {
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = &op->op_successors.items[i];
+		for (size_t k = 0; k < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(s->s_args); k++) {
+			struct mie_op_arg *arg = &s->s_args.items[k];
+			if (!(arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			b_queue_delete(
+				&arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_use,
+				&arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (size_t k = 0; k < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); k++) {
+		struct mie_op_arg *arg = &op->op_args.items[k];
+		if (!(arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		b_queue_delete(
+			&arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+		struct mie_register *reg = &op->op_result.items[i];
+
+		b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&reg->reg_use);
+		while (cur) {
+			b_queue_entry *next = b_queue_next(cur);
+
+			struct mie_register_use *use
+				= b_unbox(struct mie_register_use, cur, u_entry);
+
+			b_queue_delete(&reg->reg_use, &use->u_entry);
+			use->u_reg = NULL;
+			cur = next;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mie_attribute_map_cleanup(&op->op_attrib);
+
+	free(op);
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_op_args_to_successor(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_successor *s)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		struct mie_op_arg *src = &op->op_args.items[i];
+		struct mie_op_arg *dest = mie_vector_emplace_back(s->s_args, NULL);
+
+		struct mie_register *reg = NULL;
+		if (src->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED) {
+			reg = src->arg_value.u_reg;
+			b_queue_delete(&reg->reg_use, &src->arg_value.u_entry);
+		}
+
+		memcpy(dest, src, sizeof *src);
+		if (reg) {
+			memset(&dest->arg_value.u_entry, 0x0,
+			       sizeof dest->arg_value.u_entry);
+			b_queue_push_back(&reg->reg_use, &dest->arg_value.u_entry);
+		}
+	}
+
+	mie_vector_destroy(op->op_args, NULL);
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status replace_register_usage(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_register *old, struct mie_register *new)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		struct mie_op_arg *arg = &op->op_args.items[i];
+		if (!(arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (arg->arg_value.u_reg != old) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		b_queue_delete(&old->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = new;
+		b_queue_push_back(&new->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors); i++) {
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = &op->op_successors.items[i];
+		for (size_t k = 0; k < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(s->s_args); k++) {
+			struct mie_op_arg *arg = &s->s_args.items[i];
+			if (!(arg->arg_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (arg->arg_value.u_reg != old) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			b_queue_delete(&old->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+			arg->arg_value.u_reg = new;
+			b_queue_push_back(&new->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_replace_register(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_register *old, struct mie_register *new)
+{
+	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&old->reg_use);
+	while (cur) {
+		struct mie_register_use *use
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_register_use, cur, u_entry);
+		struct mie_op *op = use->u_user;
+
+		if (use->u_reg == old) {
+			replace_register_usage(op, old, new);
+		}
+
+		cur = b_queue_next(cur);
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_rename_register(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_register *reg, const char *name)
+{
+	if (!reg->reg_block) {
+		return MIE_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_region *region = reg->reg_block->b_parent;
+	struct mie_name_map *names = get_name_map_for_region(region);
+
+	mie_name_destroy(&reg->reg_name);
+	struct mie_name *result = mie_name_map_put(names, &reg->reg_name, name, 0);
+
+	return result ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_rewriter_put_name(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_name *name, const char *hint)
+{
+	if (!rw->r_insert_block) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_region *region = rw->r_insert_block->b_parent;
+	struct mie_name_map *names = get_name_map_for_region(region);
+
+	mie_name_destroy(name);
+	struct mie_name *result = mie_name_map_put(names, name, hint, 0);
+
+	return result ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+}

mie/trait/trait-table.c

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ const struct mie_trait *mie_trait_table_get_unique(
 
 	const mie_id *result = mie_id_map_get(&table->tr_unique, &id);
 	const struct unique_trait *entry
-		= b_unbox(struct unique_trait, entry, u_id);
+		= b_unbox(struct unique_trait, result, u_id);
 	return entry ? entry->u_trait : NULL;
 }
 

tool/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 file(GLOB tool_sources
 	*.c *.h
-	cmd/*.c cmd/*.h)
+	cmd/*.c cmd/*.h
+	diag/*.c diag/*.h
+	cmd/internal/*.c)
 
 if (WIN32)
 	set(rc_file ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../res/win32/frontend.rc)

tool/cmd/cmd.h

@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
 enum command_id {
 	CMD_ROOT,
 	CMD_VALIDATE,
+	CMD_OPTIMISE,
+
 	CMD_INTERNAL,
+	CMD_INTERNAL_BUILDER_TEST,
+	CMD_INTERNAL_CTX_DUMP,
 };
 
 #endif

tool/cmd/internal.c

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#include "cmd.h"
-#include <blue/cmd.h>
-#include <blue/term.h>
-
-enum {
-        OPT_PRINT_SYMBOLS = 0x1000,
-        OPT_PRINT_KEYWORDS,
-};
-
-static int internal(const b_command* cmd, const b_arglist* args, const b_array* _)
-{
-#if 0
-	if (b_arglist_get_count(args, OPT_PRINT_SYMBOLS, B_COMMAND_INVALID_ID)) {
-		internal_lexer_print_symbol_tree(lex);
-	}
-
-	if (b_arglist_get_count(args, OPT_PRINT_KEYWORDS, B_COMMAND_INVALID_ID)) {
-		internal_lexer_print_keyword_dict(lex);
-	}
-
-#endif
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-B_COMMAND(CMD_INTERNAL, CMD_ROOT)
-{
-        B_COMMAND_NAME("internal");
-        B_COMMAND_SHORT_NAME('X');
-        B_COMMAND_DESC("internal frontend debugging tools.");
-        B_COMMAND_FUNCTION(internal);
-
-        B_COMMAND_OPTION(OPT_PRINT_SYMBOLS)
-        {
-                B_OPTION_LONG_NAME("print-symbols");
-                B_OPTION_SHORT_NAME('s');
-                B_OPTION_DESC(
-                    "print the symbol tree used by the language lexer.");
-        }
-
-        B_COMMAND_OPTION(OPT_PRINT_KEYWORDS)
-        {
-                B_OPTION_LONG_NAME("print-keywords");
-                B_OPTION_SHORT_NAME('k');
-                B_OPTION_DESC(
-                    "print the keyword dictionary used by the language lexer.");
-        }
-
-        B_COMMAND_HELP_OPTION();
-}

tool/cmd/internal/builder-test.c

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+#include "../cmd.h"
+
+#include <blue/cmd.h>
+#include <blue/term.h>
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/cf.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/func.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/index.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/meta.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/ptr.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/scf.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/select.h>
+#include <mie/ir/builder.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/pass/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/pass/pass-manager.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+
+enum {
+	OPT_GENERIC,
+	OPT_NO_ABBREV,
+	OPT_PASS_OFFSET = 100,
+};
+
+static int builder_test(
+	const b_command *cmd, const b_arglist *args, const b_array *_)
+{
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx = mie_ctx_create();
+	mie_builtin_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_meta_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_select_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_ptr_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_arith_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_func_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_cf_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_scf_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_index_dialect_create(ctx);
+
+	mie_builtin_passes_register(ctx);
+
+	struct mie_op *module = mie_ctx_create_op(ctx, "builtin", "module");
+	struct mie_builder *builder = mie_builder_create(ctx, module);
+
+	const struct mie_type *i32 = mie_ctx_get_int_type(ctx, 32);
+	const struct mie_type *i64 = mie_ctx_get_int_type(ctx, 64);
+
+	struct mie_func_parameter params[] = {
+		{.param_name = "p1", .param_type = i32},
+		{.param_name = "p2", .param_type = i64},
+	};
+	size_t nr_params = sizeof params / sizeof params[0];
+	const struct mie_type *ret_type = mie_ctx_get_int_type(ctx, 64);
+
+	struct mie_op *func = mie_func_func_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(builder), "test_func", params, nr_params, &ret_type, 1);
+	mie_builder_step_into_op(builder, func);
+
+	struct mie_region *r_true, *r_false;
+	struct mie_op *if_op = mie_scf_if_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(builder), params[0].param_reg, i32, &r_true,
+		&r_false, NULL);
+
+	struct mie_register *tmp = NULL;
+
+	mie_builder_step_into_region(builder, r_true);
+	tmp = mie_arith_constant_i_put(MIE_EMITTER(builder), 10, NULL);
+	mie_scf_yield_put(MIE_EMITTER(builder), tmp);
+	mie_builder_step_out(builder);
+
+	mie_builder_step_into_region(builder, r_false);
+	tmp = mie_arith_constant_i_put(MIE_EMITTER(builder), 20, NULL);
+	mie_scf_yield_put(MIE_EMITTER(builder), tmp);
+	mie_builder_step_out(builder);
+
+	struct mie_register *v1
+		= mie_arith_constant_i_put(MIE_EMITTER(builder), 1024, NULL);
+	struct mie_register *v2
+		= mie_arith_constant_i_put(MIE_EMITTER(builder), 2048, NULL);
+	struct mie_register *add
+		= mie_arith_addi_put(MIE_EMITTER(builder), v1, v2, NULL);
+	struct mie_register *add2 = mie_arith_addi_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(builder), add, &if_op->op_result.items[0], NULL);
+
+	mie_builder_step_out(builder);
+
+	struct mie_pass_manager *pm = mie_pass_manager_create(ctx);
+	struct mie_pass_manager *module_pm = mie_pass_manager_nest(pm);
+	mie_pass_manager_filter_op(module_pm, "builtin", "module");
+
+	struct mie_pass_manager *func_pm = mie_pass_manager_nest(pm);
+	mie_pass_manager_filter_op(module_pm, "func", "func");
+
+	b_arglist_iterator it;
+	b_arglist_foreach(&it, args)
+	{
+		if (it.opt_id < OPT_PASS_OFFSET) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const b_command_option *opt = b_command_get_option(cmd, it.opt_id);
+		if (!opt) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const char *pass_name = b_command_option_get_long_name(opt);
+		struct mie_pass *pass = NULL;
+		enum mie_status status
+			= mie_ctx_get_pass(ctx, pass_name, NULL, &pass);
+		if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+			printf("cannot load pass %s\n", pass_name);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		mie_pass_manager_add_pass(func_pm, pass);
+	}
+
+	mie_pass_manager_run(pm, module);
+
+	enum mie_print_flags flags = 0;
+	if (b_arglist_get_count(args, OPT_GENERIC, B_COMMAND_INVALID_ID) > 0) {
+		flags |= MIE_PRINT_F_GENERIC;
+	}
+
+	if (b_arglist_get_count(args, OPT_NO_ABBREV, B_COMMAND_INVALID_ID) == 0) {
+		flags |= MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_printer printer;
+	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, flags);
+	mie_printer_print_op(&printer, module);
+	printf("\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+B_COMMAND(CMD_INTERNAL_BUILDER_TEST, CMD_INTERNAL)
+{
+	B_COMMAND_NAME("builder-test");
+	B_COMMAND_DESC("mie_builder test");
+	B_COMMAND_FUNCTION(builder_test);
+
+	B_COMMAND_OPTION(OPT_GENERIC)
+	{
+		B_OPTION_LONG_NAME("generic");
+		B_OPTION_SHORT_NAME('g');
+		B_OPTION_DESC("print operations in generic format.");
+	}
+
+	B_COMMAND_OPTION(OPT_NO_ABBREV)
+	{
+		B_OPTION_LONG_NAME("no-abbrev");
+		B_OPTION_SHORT_NAME('n');
+		B_OPTION_DESC(
+			"don't use abbreviations for builtin types and ops.");
+	}
+
+	B_COMMAND_HELP_OPTION();
+
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx = mie_ctx_create();
+	mie_builtin_passes_register(ctx);
+
+	size_t i = 0;
+	b_btree_node *node = b_btree_first(&ctx->ctx_passes.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_pass_definition *pass
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_pass_definition, id, p_id);
+
+		B_COMMAND_OPTION_GEN(OPT_PASS_OFFSET + i)
+		{
+			B_OPTION_LONG_NAME(pass->p_name);
+			B_OPTION_DESC(pass->p_description);
+		}
+
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+		i++;
+	}
+}

tool/cmd/internal/ctx-dump.c

@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+#include "../cmd.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <blue/cmd.h>
+#include <blue/term.h>
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/cf.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/func.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/index.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/meta.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/ptr.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/scf.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/select.h>
+#include <mie/interface/interface-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/ir/register.h>
+#include <mie/pass/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/pass/pass-manager.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait-definition.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait.h>
+#include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
+
+static void mie_op_definition_print(const struct mie_op_definition *op)
+{
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&op->op_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	b_printf(
+		"  [bold,red]Op:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
+		op->op_name, id_str);
+}
+
+static void mie_type_definition_print(const struct mie_type_definition *type)
+{
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&type->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	b_printf(
+		"  [bold,blue]Ty:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
+		type->ty_name, id_str);
+}
+
+static void mie_trait_definition_print(const struct mie_trait_definition *trait)
+{
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&trait->tr_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	b_printf(
+		"  [bold,yellow]Tr:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
+		trait->tr_name, id_str);
+}
+
+static void mie_attribute_definition_print(
+	const struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute)
+{
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&attribute->a_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	b_printf(
+		"  [bold,magenta]At:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
+		attribute->a_name, id_str);
+}
+
+static void mie_interface_definition_print(
+	const struct mie_interface_definition *interface)
+{
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&interface->if_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	b_printf(
+		"  [bold,cyan]If:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
+		interface->if_name, id_str);
+}
+
+static void mie_pass_definition_print(const struct mie_pass_definition *interface)
+{
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&interface->p_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	b_printf(
+		"  [bold,cyan]Ps:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
+		interface->p_name, id_str);
+}
+
+static void mie_diag_class_print(
+	const struct mie_dialect *dialect, const struct mie_diag_class *c)
+{
+	switch (c->c_type) {
+	case MIE_DIAG_CLASS_HINT:
+		b_printf("  [bold,cyan]Hint:[reset]");
+		break;
+	case MIE_DIAG_CLASS_WARNING:
+		b_printf("  [bold,yellow]Warn:[reset]");
+		break;
+	case MIE_DIAG_CLASS_ERROR:
+		b_printf("  [bold,red]Err: [reset]");
+		break;
+	default:
+		return;
+	}
+
+	b_printf(
+		"%s.%-25s [green]%s[reset]\n", dialect->d_name,
+		c->c_id_str_short, c->c_title);
+}
+
+static void mie_diag_msg_print(
+	const struct mie_dialect *dialect, const struct mie_diag_msg *msg)
+{
+	b_printf(
+		"  [bold,blue]Msg: [reset]%s.%-25s [green]%s[reset]\n",
+		dialect->d_name, msg->msg_id_str_short, msg->msg_content);
+}
+
+static void mie_dialect_print(const struct mie_dialect *dialect)
+{
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&dialect->d_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	b_printf(
+		"[bold,green]D:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
+		dialect->d_name, id_str);
+
+	b_btree_node *node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_ops.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_op_definition *op
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_op_definition, id, op_id);
+
+		mie_op_definition_print(op);
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+
+	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_types.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_type_definition *type
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_type_definition, id, ty_id);
+
+		mie_type_definition_print(type);
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+
+	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_traits.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_trait_definition *trait
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_trait_definition, id, tr_id);
+
+		mie_trait_definition_print(trait);
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+
+	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_attributes.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_attribute_definition, id, a_id);
+
+		mie_attribute_definition_print(attribute);
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+
+	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_interfaces.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_interface_definition *interface = b_unbox(
+			struct mie_interface_definition, id, if_id);
+
+		mie_interface_definition_print(interface);
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+}
+
+static void mie_ctx_print(const struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	printf("Dialects:\n");
+	b_btree_node *node = b_btree_first(&ctx->ctx_dialects.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_dialect *dialect
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_dialect, id, d_id);
+
+		mie_dialect_print(dialect);
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+
+	printf("\nPasses:\n");
+	node = b_btree_first(&ctx->ctx_passes.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_pass_definition *pass
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_pass_definition, id, p_id);
+
+		mie_pass_definition_print(pass);
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+
+	printf("\nDiagnostics:\n");
+	node = b_btree_first(&ctx->ctx_dialects.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_dialect *dialect
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_dialect, id, d_id);
+
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < dialect->d_nr_diag_classes; i++) {
+			mie_diag_class_print(dialect, &dialect->d_diag_classes[i]);
+		}
+
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < dialect->d_nr_diag_msgs; i++) {
+			mie_diag_msg_print(dialect, &dialect->d_diag_msgs[i]);
+		}
+
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+}
+
+static int ctx_dump(const b_command *cmd, const b_arglist *args, const b_array *_)
+{
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx = mie_ctx_create();
+	mie_builtin_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_meta_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_select_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_ptr_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_arith_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_func_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_cf_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_scf_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_index_dialect_create(ctx);
+
+	mie_builtin_passes_register(ctx);
+
+	mie_ctx_print(ctx);
+
+	struct mie_type *i32 = mie_ctx_get_int_type(ctx, 32);
+	struct mie_type *str = mie_ctx_get_type(ctx, "builtin", "string");
+	struct mie_type *index = mie_ctx_get_type(ctx, "builtin", "index");
+	struct mie_attribute *i32_value = mie_ctx_get_int(ctx, 1024, 32);
+	struct mie_attribute *index_value = mie_ctx_get_index(ctx, 25000);
+	struct mie_attribute *str_value
+		= mie_ctx_get_string(ctx, "Hello, world!");
+
+	const struct mie_type *storage_type_parts[] = {i32, str, index};
+	struct mie_type *storage_type = mie_ctx_get_storage_type(
+		ctx, storage_type_parts,
+		sizeof storage_type_parts / sizeof *storage_type_parts);
+
+	const struct mie_type *func_in_parts[] = {i32, str};
+	const struct mie_type *func_out_parts[] = {index};
+	struct mie_type *func_type = mie_ctx_get_function_type(
+		ctx, func_in_parts, sizeof func_in_parts / sizeof *func_in_parts,
+		func_out_parts, sizeof func_out_parts / sizeof *func_out_parts);
+
+	/* make sure storage/function type caching is working */
+	assert(storage_type
+	       == mie_ctx_get_storage_type(
+		       ctx, storage_type_parts,
+		       sizeof storage_type_parts / sizeof *storage_type_parts));
+	assert(func_type
+	       == mie_ctx_get_function_type(
+		       ctx, func_in_parts,
+		       sizeof func_in_parts / sizeof *func_in_parts, func_out_parts,
+		       sizeof func_out_parts / sizeof *func_out_parts));
+
+	struct mie_printer printer;
+	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
+
+	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
+	mie_id_to_string(&i32->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	printf("i32 type: {%s} %s (instance of %s.%s)\n", id_str, i32->ty_name,
+	       i32->ty_def->ty_parent->d_name, i32->ty_def->ty_name);
+	mie_id_to_string(&str->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	printf("str type: {%s} %s (instance of %s.%s)\n", id_str, str->ty_name,
+	       str->ty_def->ty_parent->d_name, str->ty_def->ty_name);
+	mie_id_to_string(&index->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	printf("index type: {%s} %s (instance of %s.%s)\n", id_str, index->ty_name,
+	       index->ty_def->ty_parent->d_name, index->ty_def->ty_name);
+	mie_id_to_string(&storage_type->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	printf("storage type: {%s} ", id_str);
+	mie_printer_print_type(&printer, storage_type);
+	printf("\n");
+
+	mie_id_to_string(&func_type->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
+	printf("function type: {%s} ", id_str);
+	mie_printer_print_type(&printer, func_type);
+	printf("\n");
+
+	printf("i32 value: ");
+	mie_printer_print_attribute(&printer, i32_value);
+	printf("\n");
+
+	printf("index value: ");
+	mie_printer_print_attribute(&printer, index_value);
+	printf("\n");
+
+	printf("str value: ");
+	mie_printer_print_attribute(&printer, str_value);
+	printf("\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+B_COMMAND(CMD_INTERNAL_CTX_DUMP, CMD_INTERNAL)
+{
+	B_COMMAND_NAME("ctx-dump");
+	B_COMMAND_DESC("mie_ctx dump");
+	B_COMMAND_FUNCTION(ctx_dump);
+
+	B_COMMAND_HELP_OPTION();
+}

tool/cmd/internal/internal.c

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "../cmd.h"
+
+#include <blue/cmd.h>
+#include <blue/term.h>
+
+static int internal(const b_command *cmd, const b_arglist *args, const b_array *_)
+{
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+B_COMMAND(CMD_INTERNAL, CMD_ROOT)
+{
+	B_COMMAND_SHORT_NAME('X');
+	B_COMMAND_DESC("internal frontend debugging tools.");
+	B_COMMAND_FUNCTION(internal);
+	B_COMMAND_FLAGS(B_COMMAND_SHOW_HELP_BY_DEFAULT);
+
+	B_COMMAND_HELP_OPTION();
+}

tool/cmd/optimise.c

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+#include "cmd.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <blue/cmd.h>
+#include <blue/io/file.h>
+#include <blue/io/path.h>
+#include <blue/term.h>
+#include <mie/attribute/attribute-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/cf.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/func.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/index.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/meta.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/ptr.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/scf.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/select.h>
+#include <mie/interface/interface-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/ir/register.h>
+#include <mie/ir/walk.h>
+#include <mie/name.h>
+#include <mie/parse/lex.h>
+#include <mie/parse/line-source.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
+#include <mie/parse/token.h>
+#include <mie/pass/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/pass/pass-manager.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait-definition.h>
+#include <mie/trait/trait.h>
+#include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+enum {
+	ARG_FILEPATH,
+
+	OPT_PASS_OFFSET = 200,
+};
+
+static int optimise_file(
+	const b_command *cmd, const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
+{
+	b_file *file = NULL;
+	b_result result
+		= b_file_open(NULL, B_RV_PATH(path), B_FILE_READ_ONLY, &file);
+	if (b_result_is_error(result)) {
+		b_throw(result);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	printf("File OK\n");
+
+	b_arglist_iterator it;
+	b_arglist_foreach(&it, args)
+	{
+		if (it.opt_id < OPT_PASS_OFFSET) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const b_command_option *opt = b_command_get_option(cmd, it.opt_id);
+		if (!opt) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		printf("running pass %s\n", b_command_option_get_long_name(opt));
+	}
+
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx = mie_ctx_create();
+	mie_builtin_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_meta_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_select_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_ptr_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_arith_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_func_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_cf_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_scf_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_index_dialect_create(ctx);
+
+	mie_builtin_passes_register(ctx);
+
+	struct mie_line_source src;
+	mie_line_source_init(&src, path, file);
+
+	struct mie_lex *lex = mie_lex_create(&src, ctx);
+	struct mie_parser *parse = mie_parser_create(ctx, lex);
+
+	struct mie_name_map *names = mie_name_map_create(NULL);
+
+	struct mie_op *root = mie_op_create();
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_op(parse, NULL, root)) {
+		printf("parse failed\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	enum mie_walker_flags flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS
+	                            | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD
+	                            | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, flags);
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
+			fputs("  ", stdout);
+		}
+
+		printf("resolving %p %s... ", item->i_op, item->i_op->op_name);
+		bool ok = mie_ctx_resolve_op(ctx, item->i_op);
+		printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+
+	struct mie_pass *prefix_func_with_underscore = NULL;
+	if (mie_ctx_get_pass(
+		    ctx, "prefix-func-with-underscore", NULL,
+		    &prefix_func_with_underscore)
+	    != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		printf("cannot load pass prefix-func-with-underscore\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_pass_manager *pm = mie_pass_manager_create(ctx);
+	struct mie_pass_manager *module_pm = mie_pass_manager_nest(pm);
+	mie_pass_manager_filter_op(module_pm, "builtin", "module");
+
+	struct mie_pass_manager *func_pm = mie_pass_manager_nest(pm);
+	mie_pass_manager_filter_op(module_pm, "func", "func");
+
+	mie_pass_manager_add_pass(func_pm, prefix_func_with_underscore);
+
+#if 0
+	mie_pass_manager_parse(
+		pm, "builtin.module(func.func(prefix-func-with-underscore))");
+#endif
+	mie_pass_manager_run(pm, root);
+
+	struct mie_printer printer;
+	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
+	mie_printer_print_op(&printer, root);
+	printf("\n");
+
+#if 0
+
+	while (1) {
+		struct mie_token *tok = mie_lex_peek(lex);
+		if (!tok) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		printf("%s[%d:%d -> %d:%d]",
+		       mie_token_type_to_string(tok->tok_type),
+		       tok->tok_start.c_row, tok->tok_start.c_col,
+		       tok->tok_end.c_row, tok->tok_end.c_col);
+
+		switch (tok->tok_value_type) {
+		case MIE_TOK_V_STRING:
+			printf(" S:%s", tok->tok_str);
+			break;
+		case MIE_TOK_V_INT:
+			printf(" I:%lld", tok->tok_int);
+			break;
+		case MIE_TOK_V_DOUBLE:
+			printf(" D:%lf", tok->tok_double);
+			break;
+		case MIE_TOK_V_SYMBOL:
+			printf(" SYM:%s", mie_token_symbol_to_string(tok->tok_sym));
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+
+		printf("\n");
+
+		mie_lex_advance(lex);
+	}
+#endif
+
+	mie_lex_destroy(lex);
+	mie_line_source_cleanup(&src);
+	b_file_unref(file);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int optimise(const b_command *cmd, const b_arglist *args, const b_array *_)
+{
+	b_arglist_iterator it;
+	b_arglist_foreach_filtered(&it, args, B_COMMAND_INVALID_ID, ARG_FILEPATH)
+	{
+		b_arglist_value *path = it.value;
+		if (path->val_type != B_COMMAND_ARG_STRING) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		int r = optimise_file(cmd, path->val_str, args);
+		if (r != 0) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+B_COMMAND(CMD_OPTIMISE, CMD_ROOT)
+{
+	B_COMMAND_NAME("optimise");
+	B_COMMAND_SHORT_NAME('O');
+	B_COMMAND_DESC("optimise a mie ir file.");
+	B_COMMAND_FLAGS(B_COMMAND_SHOW_HELP_BY_DEFAULT);
+	B_COMMAND_FUNCTION(optimise);
+
+	B_COMMAND_HELP_OPTION();
+
+	B_COMMAND_ARG(ARG_FILEPATH)
+	{
+		B_ARG_NAME("filepath");
+		B_ARG_DESC("the mie file to optimise");
+		B_ARG_NR_VALUES(1);
+	}
+
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx = mie_ctx_create();
+	mie_builtin_passes_register(ctx);
+
+	size_t i = 0;
+	b_btree_node *node = b_btree_first(&ctx->ctx_passes.map_entries);
+	while (node) {
+		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
+		struct mie_pass_definition *pass
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_pass_definition, id, p_id);
+
+		B_COMMAND_OPTION_GEN(OPT_PASS_OFFSET + 1)
+		{
+			B_OPTION_LONG_NAME(pass->p_name);
+			B_OPTION_DESC(pass->p_description);
+		}
+
+		node = b_btree_next(node);
+	}
+}

tool/cmd/validate.c

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "../diag/diag.h"
 #include "cmd.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/walk.h>
 #include <mie/name.h>
 #include <mie/parse/lex.h>
+#include <mie/parse/line-source.h>
 #include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/parse/token.h>
 #include <mie/pass/builtin.h>
@@ -43,248 +45,6 @@ enum {
 	ARG_FILEPATH,
 };
 
-static int trait_ref_print(const struct mie_trait *trait, void *arg)
-{
-	fputc(' ', stdout);
-	mie_trait_print(trait, b_stdout);
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static void op_arg_dump(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op_arg *arg)
-{
-	enum mie_register_flags arg_flags = 0;
-	const char *arg_name = NULL;
-	const struct mie_type *arg_type = NULL;
-
-	if (MIE_TEST_FLAGS(arg->arg_flags, MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED)) {
-		arg_flags = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_flags;
-		arg_name = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_name.n_str;
-		arg_type = arg->arg_value.u_reg->reg_type;
-	} else {
-		arg_flags = arg->arg_unresolved.reg_flags;
-		arg_name = arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name;
-		arg_type = arg->arg_unresolved.reg_type;
-	}
-
-	if (arg_flags & MIE_REGISTER_F_MACHINE) {
-		b_printf(" [bold,red]MR");
-	} else {
-		b_printf(" [bold,magenta]VR");
-	}
-
-	printf(":(");
-	mie_printer_print_type(printer, arg_type);
-	b_printf(")%s[reset]", arg_name);
-}
-
-static void op_dump(const struct mie_op *op)
-{
-	b_stringstream *tmp = b_stringstream_create();
-	struct mie_printer printer;
-	mie_printer_init(&printer, NULL, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_GENERIC);
-
-	printf("FLAGS:");
-	(op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) && printf(" OP_RESOLVED");
-	(op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED) && printf(" ARG_RESOLVED");
-	printf("\n");
-	printf("DIALECT: %s\n",
-	       op->op_dialect ? op->op_dialect->d_name : "<unknown>");
-	printf("OP: %s\n", op->op_info ? op->op_info->op_name : "<unknown>");
-	printf("NAME: %s\n", op->op_name ? op->op_name : "<unknown>");
-	printf("TRAITS:");
-	mie_trait_table_iterate(&op->op_info->op_traits, trait_ref_print, NULL);
-	printf("\n");
-	printf("ATTRIBUTES:");
-#if 0
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_attrib); i++) {
-		printf(" (%s = ", op->op_attrib.items[i].attrib_name);
-		mie_printer_print_value(
-			&printer, op->op_attrib.items[i].attrib_value);
-		printf(")");
-	}
-#endif
-	printf("\n");
-
-	printf("REGIONS: %zu\n", MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_regions));
-	printf("SUCCESSORS:");
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_successors); i++) {
-		const struct mie_op_successor *s = &op->op_successors.items[i];
-		if (MIE_TEST_FLAGS(s->s_flags, MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED)) {
-			printf(" ^%s", s->s_block->b_name.n_str);
-		} else {
-			printf(" ^%s?", s->s_block_name);
-		}
-
-		printf(":(");
-
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(s->s_args); i++) {
-			const struct mie_op_arg *arg = &s->s_args.items[i];
-			op_arg_dump(&printer, arg);
-		}
-
-		printf(" )");
-	}
-	printf("\n");
-
-	printf("ARGS:");
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < op->op_args.count; i++) {
-		const struct mie_op_arg *arg = &op->op_args.items[i];
-		op_arg_dump(&printer, arg);
-	}
-	printf("\n");
-
-	printf("RESULT:");
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
-		const struct mie_register *reg = &op->op_result.items[i];
-		printf(" %s:(",
-		       (reg->reg_flags & MIE_REGISTER_F_MACHINE) ? "MR" : "VR");
-		mie_printer_print_type(&printer, reg->reg_type);
-		printf(")%s", reg->reg_name.n_str);
-	}
-	printf("\n");
-}
-
-static void mie_op_definition_print(const struct mie_op_definition *op)
-{
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&op->op_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	b_printf(
-		"  [bold,red]Op:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
-		op->op_name, id_str);
-}
-
-static void mie_type_definition_print(const struct mie_type_definition *type)
-{
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&type->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	b_printf(
-		"  [bold,blue]Ty:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
-		type->ty_name, id_str);
-}
-
-static void mie_trait_definition_print(const struct mie_trait_definition *trait)
-{
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&trait->tr_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	b_printf(
-		"  [bold,yellow]Tr:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
-		trait->tr_name, id_str);
-}
-
-static void mie_attribute_definition_print(
-	const struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute)
-{
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&attribute->a_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	b_printf(
-		"  [bold,magenta]At:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
-		attribute->a_name, id_str);
-}
-
-static void mie_interface_definition_print(
-	const struct mie_interface_definition *interface)
-{
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&interface->if_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	b_printf(
-		"  [bold,cyan]If:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
-		interface->if_name, id_str);
-}
-
-static void mie_pass_definition_print(const struct mie_pass_definition *interface)
-{
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&interface->p_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	b_printf(
-		"  [bold,cyan]Ps:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
-		interface->p_name, id_str);
-}
-
-static void mie_dialect_print(const struct mie_dialect *dialect)
-{
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&dialect->d_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	b_printf(
-		"[bold,green]D:[reset]%-20s [dark_grey]{%s}[reset]\n",
-		dialect->d_name, id_str);
-
-	b_btree_node *node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_ops.map_entries);
-	while (node) {
-		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
-		struct mie_op_definition *op
-			= b_unbox(struct mie_op_definition, id, op_id);
-
-		mie_op_definition_print(op);
-		node = b_btree_next(node);
-	}
-
-	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_types.map_entries);
-	while (node) {
-		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
-		struct mie_type_definition *type
-			= b_unbox(struct mie_type_definition, id, ty_id);
-
-		mie_type_definition_print(type);
-		node = b_btree_next(node);
-	}
-
-	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_traits.map_entries);
-	while (node) {
-		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
-		struct mie_trait_definition *trait
-			= b_unbox(struct mie_trait_definition, id, tr_id);
-
-		mie_trait_definition_print(trait);
-		node = b_btree_next(node);
-	}
-
-	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_attributes.map_entries);
-	while (node) {
-		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
-		struct mie_attribute_definition *attribute
-			= b_unbox(struct mie_attribute_definition, id, a_id);
-
-		mie_attribute_definition_print(attribute);
-		node = b_btree_next(node);
-	}
-
-	node = b_btree_first(&dialect->d_interfaces.map_entries);
-	while (node) {
-		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
-		struct mie_interface_definition *interface = b_unbox(
-			struct mie_interface_definition, id, if_id);
-
-		mie_interface_definition_print(interface);
-		node = b_btree_next(node);
-	}
-}
-
-static void mie_ctx_print(const struct mie_ctx *ctx)
-{
-	printf("Dialects:\n");
-	b_btree_node *node = b_btree_first(&ctx->ctx_dialects.map_entries);
-	while (node) {
-		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
-		struct mie_dialect *dialect
-			= b_unbox(struct mie_dialect, id, d_id);
-
-		mie_dialect_print(dialect);
-		node = b_btree_next(node);
-	}
-
-	printf("\nPasses:\n");
-	node = b_btree_first(&ctx->ctx_passes.map_entries);
-	while (node) {
-		mie_id *id = b_unbox(mie_id, node, e_node);
-		struct mie_pass_definition *pass
-			= b_unbox(struct mie_pass_definition, id, p_id);
-
-		mie_pass_definition_print(pass);
-		node = b_btree_next(node);
-	}
-}
-
 static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 {
 	b_file *file = NULL;
@@ -310,76 +70,10 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 
 	mie_builtin_passes_register(ctx);
 
-	mie_ctx_print(ctx);
+	struct mie_line_source src;
+	mie_line_source_init(&src, path, file);
 
-	struct mie_type *i32 = mie_ctx_get_int_type(ctx, 32);
-	struct mie_type *str = mie_ctx_get_type(ctx, "builtin", "string");
-	struct mie_type *index = mie_ctx_get_type(ctx, "builtin", "index");
-	struct mie_attribute *i32_value = mie_ctx_get_int(ctx, 1024, 32);
-	struct mie_attribute *index_value = mie_ctx_get_index(ctx, 25000);
-	struct mie_attribute *str_value
-		= mie_ctx_get_string(ctx, "Hello, world!");
-
-	printf("%zu\n", sizeof(struct mie_op));
-
-	const struct mie_type *storage_type_parts[] = {i32, str, index};
-	struct mie_type *storage_type = mie_ctx_get_storage_type(
-		ctx, storage_type_parts,
-		sizeof storage_type_parts / sizeof *storage_type_parts);
-
-	const struct mie_type *func_in_parts[] = {i32, str};
-	const struct mie_type *func_out_parts[] = {index};
-	struct mie_type *func_type = mie_ctx_get_function_type(
-		ctx, func_in_parts, sizeof func_in_parts / sizeof *func_in_parts,
-		func_out_parts, sizeof func_out_parts / sizeof *func_out_parts);
-
-	/* make sure storage/function type caching is working */
-	assert(storage_type
-	       == mie_ctx_get_storage_type(
-		       ctx, storage_type_parts,
-		       sizeof storage_type_parts / sizeof *storage_type_parts));
-	assert(func_type
-	       == mie_ctx_get_function_type(
-		       ctx, func_in_parts,
-		       sizeof func_in_parts / sizeof *func_in_parts, func_out_parts,
-		       sizeof func_out_parts / sizeof *func_out_parts));
-
-	struct mie_printer printer;
-	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
-
-	char id_str[MIE_ID_STRING_MAX];
-	mie_id_to_string(&i32->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	printf("i32 type: {%s} %s (instance of %s.%s)\n", id_str, i32->ty_name,
-	       i32->ty_def->ty_parent->d_name, i32->ty_def->ty_name);
-	mie_id_to_string(&str->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	printf("str type: {%s} %s (instance of %s.%s)\n", id_str, str->ty_name,
-	       str->ty_def->ty_parent->d_name, str->ty_def->ty_name);
-	mie_id_to_string(&index->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	printf("index type: {%s} %s (instance of %s.%s)\n", id_str, index->ty_name,
-	       index->ty_def->ty_parent->d_name, index->ty_def->ty_name);
-	mie_id_to_string(&storage_type->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	printf("storage type: {%s} ", id_str);
-	mie_printer_print_type(&printer, storage_type);
-	printf("\n");
-
-	mie_id_to_string(&func_type->ty_id, id_str, sizeof id_str);
-	printf("function type: {%s} ", id_str);
-	mie_printer_print_type(&printer, func_type);
-	printf("\n");
-
-	printf("i32 value: ");
-	mie_printer_print_attribute(&printer, i32_value);
-	printf("\n");
-
-	printf("index value: ");
-	mie_printer_print_attribute(&printer, index_value);
-	printf("\n");
-
-	printf("str value: ");
-	mie_printer_print_attribute(&printer, str_value);
-	printf("\n");
-
-	struct mie_lex *lex = mie_lex_create(file);
+	struct mie_lex *lex = mie_lex_create(&src, ctx);
 	struct mie_parser *parse = mie_parser_create(ctx, lex);
 
 	struct mie_name_map *names = mie_name_map_create(NULL);
@@ -387,30 +81,55 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 	struct mie_op *root = mie_op_create();
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_op(parse, NULL, root)) {
+		struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+		while (diag) {
+			mie_diag_write_pretty(diag, b_stdtty_err);
+			/* TODO cleanup */
+			diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+		}
+
 		printf("parse failed\n");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	struct mie_walker *walker = mie_walker_begin(
-		root, MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
-			      | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE);
+	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags
+		= MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
+	        | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, walk_flags);
 
 	do {
-		const struct mie_walker_item *item = mie_walker_get(walker);
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
 			fputs("  ", stdout);
 		}
 
-		printf("resolving %p %s... ", item->i_op, item->i_op->op_name);
-		bool ok = mie_ctx_resolve_op(ctx, item->i_op);
-		printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
-	} while (mie_walker_step(walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+		switch (item->i_type) {
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+			printf("looking at region %p...\n", item->i_region);
+			continue;
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+			printf("looking at block %p %s...\n", item->i_block,
+			       item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
+			continue;
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+
+			printf("resolving %p %s... ", item->i_op,
+			       item->i_op->op_name);
+			bool ok = mie_ctx_resolve_op(ctx, item->i_op);
+			printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
 
 	struct mie_pass *prefix_func_with_underscore = NULL;
-	if (mie_ctx_get_pass(
-		    ctx, "prefix-func-with-underscore", NULL,
-		    &prefix_func_with_underscore)
-	    != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+	enum mie_status status = mie_ctx_get_pass(
+		ctx, "prefix-func-with-underscore", NULL,
+		&prefix_func_with_underscore);
+	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
 		printf("cannot load pass prefix-func-with-underscore\n");
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -424,13 +143,52 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 
 	mie_pass_manager_add_pass(func_pm, prefix_func_with_underscore);
 
+#if 0
 	mie_pass_manager_parse(
 		pm, "builtin.module(func.func(prefix-func-with-underscore))");
+#endif
 	mie_pass_manager_run(pm, root);
 
+	struct mie_printer printer;
+	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
 	mie_printer_print_op(&printer, root);
 	printf("\n");
 
+	struct mie_op *func = mie_op_get_first_child_op(root);
+	walk_flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
+	           | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, func, walk_flags);
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
+			fputs("  ", stdout);
+		}
+
+		switch (item->i_type) {
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
+			printf("looking at region %p...\n", item->i_region);
+			break;
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
+			printf("looking at block %p %s...\n", item->i_block,
+			       item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
+			break;
+		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
+			if (item->i_op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
+				printf("looking at %p %s.%s...\n", item->i_op,
+				       item->i_op->op_dialect->d_name,
+				       item->i_op->op_info->op_name);
+			} else {
+				printf("looking at %p %s...\n", item->i_op,
+				       item->i_op->op_name);
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+
 #if 0
 
 	while (1) {
@@ -469,6 +227,8 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 
 	mie_lex_destroy(lex);
 
+	mie_line_source_cleanup(&src);
+
 	b_file_unref(file);
 
 	return 0;

tool/diag/diag.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef _TOOL_DIAG_DIAG_H_
+#define _TOOL_DIAG_DIAG_H_
+
+#include <blue/term/tty.h>
+#include <mie/status.h>
+
+struct mie_diag;
+
+extern enum mie_status mie_diag_write_pretty(struct mie_diag *diag, b_tty *stream);
+
+#endif

tool/diag/pretty.c

@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <blue/core/stringstream.h>
+#include <blue/term/print.h>
+#include <blue/term/tty.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <mie/diag/amendment.h>
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/component.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/parse/line-source.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#define GET_CHAR_STOP     0
+#define GET_CHAR_CONTINUE -1
+
+struct snippet_print_ctx {
+	b_tty *ctx_stream;
+	struct mie_line_source *ctx_line_source;
+
+	size_t ctx_row, ctx_col;
+
+	bool ctx_has_underline;
+	b_stringstream *ctx_underline;
+	const b_string *ctx_linebuf;
+	const b_iterator *ctx_linebuf_ptr;
+
+	struct mie_diag_c_snippet *ctx_snippet;
+
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *ctx_hl;
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *ctx_amendment;
+};
+
+#define __STREAM_COLOUR_ERROR   "[red,bold]"
+#define __STREAM_COLOUR_WARN    "[yellow,bold]"
+#define __STREAM_COLOUR_HINT    "[blue,bold]"
+#define __STREAM_COLOUR_LINE_NO "[cyan]"
+#define __STREAM_COLOUR_ACCENT  "[cyan]"
+#define __STREAM_COLOUR_RESET   "[reset]"
+
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_ERROR(stream)                                            \
+	b_tty_puts(stream, 0, __STREAM_COLOUR_ERROR);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_WARN(stream) b_tty_puts(stream, 0, __STREAM_COLOUR_WARN);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_HINT(stream) b_tty_puts(stream, 0, __STREAM_COLOUR_HINT);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_ACCENT(stream)                                           \
+	b_tty_puts(stream, 0, __STREAM_COLOUR_ACCENT);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_LINE_NO(stream)                                          \
+	b_tty_puts(stream, 0, __STREAM_COLOUR_LINE_NO);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_RESET(stream)                                            \
+	b_tty_puts(stream, 0, __STREAM_COLOUR_RESET);
+
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_ERROR_B(stream, str)                                     \
+	b_stream_write_string(str, __STREAM_COLOUR_ERROR, NULL);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_WARN_B(stream, str)                                      \
+	b_stream_write_string(str, __STREAM_COLOUR_WARN, NULL);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_HINT_B(stream, str)                                      \
+	b_stream_write_string(str, __STREAM_COLOUR_HINT, NULL);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_ACCENT_B(stream, str)                                    \
+	b_stream_write_string(str, __STREAM_COLOUR_ACCENT, NULL);
+#define STREAM_COLOUR_RESET_B(stream, str)                                     \
+	b_stream_write_string(str, __STREAM_COLOUR_RESET, NULL);
+
+static void print_header(struct mie_diag *diag, b_tty *dest)
+{
+	unsigned int w;
+	b_tty_get_dimensions(dest, &w, NULL);
+
+	const struct mie_diag_class *diag_class = diag->diag_class;
+	assert(diag_class);
+
+	STREAM_COLOUR_ACCENT(dest);
+
+	size_t nr_written = 0;
+	nr_written += b_tty_puts(dest, 0, "--- ");
+
+	const char *s = diag_class->c_title;
+	while (*s) {
+		b_tty_putc(dest, 0, toupper(*s));
+		s++;
+		nr_written++;
+	}
+
+	b_tty_putc(dest, 0, ' ');
+	nr_written++;
+
+	while (nr_written < w) {
+		b_tty_putc(dest, 0, '-');
+		nr_written++;
+	}
+
+	STREAM_COLOUR_RESET(dest);
+
+	b_tty_putc(dest, 0, '\n');
+}
+
+static void print_location(struct mie_diag *diag, b_tty *out)
+{
+	size_t x;
+	const char *name = mie_line_source_get_path(diag->diag_src);
+
+	b_tty_puts(out, 0, "  ");
+	STREAM_COLOUR_ACCENT(out);
+	b_tty_puts(out, 0, "> ");
+	STREAM_COLOUR_RESET(out);
+	b_tty_printf(
+		out, 0, "%s:%lu:%lu\n", name, diag->diag_loc.c_row,
+		diag->diag_loc.c_col);
+}
+
+static void print_msg(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_diag_c_msg *msg, b_tty *stream)
+{
+	b_paragraph_format format = {
+		.p_left_margin = 2,
+		.p_right_margin = 2,
+	};
+
+	b_print_paragraph(msg->msg_content, stream, &format);
+}
+
+static bool highlight_contains_cell(
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *hl, size_t row, size_t col)
+{
+	if (row < hl->hl_span.s_start.c_row || row > hl->hl_span.s_end.c_row) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (row == hl->hl_span.s_start.c_row && col < hl->hl_span.s_start.c_col) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (row == hl->hl_span.s_end.c_row && col > hl->hl_span.s_end.c_col) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool amendment_contains_cell(
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *a, size_t row, size_t col)
+{
+	unsigned long limit = 0;
+
+	switch (a->a_type) {
+	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_ADD:
+		if (a->a_add.a_loc.c_row != row) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (col < a->a_add.a_loc.c_col) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (col > a->a_add.a_loc.c_col + a->__x - 1) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return true;
+	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REMOVE:
+		if (a->a_remove.a_loc.c_row != row) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (col < a->a_remove.a_loc.c_row) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (col > a->a_remove.a_length) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return true;
+	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REPLACE:
+		if (a->a_replace.a_loc.c_row != row) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (col < a->a_replace.a_loc.c_row) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		limit = a->a_replace.a_loc.c_row
+		      + b_max(ulong, a->a_replace.a_length, a->__x) - 1;
+
+		if (col > limit) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return true;
+	default:
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+static struct mie_diag_highlight *find_highlight(
+	struct mie_diag_c_snippet *snippet, size_t row, size_t col)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < snippet->s_nr_highlights; i++) {
+		struct mie_diag_highlight *hl = &snippet->s_highlights[i];
+
+		if (highlight_contains_cell(hl, row, col)) {
+			return hl;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static struct mie_diag_amendment *find_amendment(
+	struct mie_diag_c_snippet *snippet, size_t row, size_t col)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < snippet->s_nr_amendments; i++) {
+		struct mie_diag_amendment *a = &snippet->s_amendments[i];
+
+		if (amendment_contains_cell(a, row, col)) {
+			return a;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void update_amendment(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (ctx->ctx_amendment
+	    && amendment_contains_cell(
+		    ctx->ctx_amendment, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col)) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ctx->ctx_amendment
+		= find_amendment(ctx->ctx_snippet, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col);
+}
+
+static void update_highlighting(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (ctx->ctx_hl
+	    && highlight_contains_cell(ctx->ctx_hl, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col)) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ctx->ctx_hl = NULL;
+
+	STREAM_COLOUR_RESET(ctx->ctx_stream);
+
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *new_hl
+		= find_highlight(ctx->ctx_snippet, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col);
+
+	if (!new_hl) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ctx->ctx_has_underline = true;
+	ctx->ctx_hl = new_hl;
+
+	switch (ctx->ctx_hl->hl_type) {
+	case MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR:
+		STREAM_COLOUR_ERROR(ctx->ctx_stream);
+		STREAM_COLOUR_ERROR_B(ctx->ctx_stream, ctx->ctx_underline);
+		break;
+	case MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_WARNING:
+		STREAM_COLOUR_WARN(ctx->ctx_stream);
+		STREAM_COLOUR_WARN_B(ctx->ctx_stream, ctx->ctx_underline);
+		break;
+	case MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_HINT:
+		STREAM_COLOUR_HINT(ctx->ctx_stream);
+		STREAM_COLOUR_HINT_B(ctx->ctx_stream, ctx->ctx_underline);
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+static enum mie_status read_row(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx, size_t row)
+{
+	if (ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr) {
+		b_iterator_unref(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr);
+		ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr = NULL;
+	}
+
+	ctx->ctx_has_underline = false;
+
+	size_t nr_read;
+	enum mie_status status = mie_line_source_get_row(
+		ctx->ctx_line_source, row, &ctx->ctx_linebuf);
+	if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		return status;
+	}
+
+	ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr = b_iterator_cbegin(ctx->ctx_linebuf);
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int get_char_amendment(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	const struct mie_diag_amendment *a = ctx->ctx_amendment;
+	size_t i = 0;
+	int c = 0;
+
+	switch (a->a_type) {
+	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_ADD:
+		i = ctx->ctx_col - a->a_add.a_loc.c_row;
+		return a->a_add.a_str[i];
+	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REMOVE:
+		b_iterator_move_next(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr);
+		return GET_CHAR_CONTINUE;
+	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REPLACE:
+		i = ctx->ctx_col - a->a_add.a_loc.c_col;
+
+		if (i > a->__x) {
+			i = a->__x;
+		}
+
+		c = a->a_replace.a_str[i];
+		if (i < a->a_replace.a_length) {
+			b_iterator_move_next(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr);
+		}
+
+		if (c != 0) {
+			return c;
+		}
+
+		return GET_CHAR_CONTINUE;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return GET_CHAR_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int get_char(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (ctx->ctx_amendment) {
+		return get_char_amendment(ctx);
+	}
+
+	b_wchar c = b_iterator_get_cvalue(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr).v_int;
+	if (c == B_WCHAR_INVALID) {
+		return GET_CHAR_STOP;
+	};
+
+	b_iterator_move_next(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr);
+	return c;
+}
+
+static void update_underline(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (!ctx->ctx_hl) {
+		b_stream_write_char(ctx->ctx_underline, ' ');
+		return;
+	}
+
+	switch (ctx->ctx_hl->hl_type) {
+	case MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_ERROR:
+	case MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_WARNING:
+	case MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_HINT:
+		b_stream_write_char(ctx->ctx_underline, '^');
+		break;
+	default:
+		b_stream_write_char(ctx->ctx_underline, ' ');
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+static void write_underline(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (!ctx->ctx_has_underline) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	STREAM_COLOUR_RESET(ctx->ctx_stream);
+	STREAM_COLOUR_LINE_NO(ctx->ctx_stream);
+	b_tty_puts(ctx->ctx_stream, 0, "       : ");
+	b_tty_puts(ctx->ctx_stream, 0, b_stringstream_ptr(ctx->ctx_underline));
+	STREAM_COLOUR_RESET(ctx->ctx_stream);
+	b_tty_putc(ctx->ctx_stream, 0, '\n');
+}
+
+static void print_snippet(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_diag_c_snippet *snippet, b_tty *stream)
+{
+	enum mie_status status = MIE_SUCCESS;
+
+	struct snippet_print_ctx printer = {
+		.ctx_stream = stream,
+		.ctx_snippet = snippet,
+		.ctx_underline = b_stringstream_create(),
+		.ctx_line_source = diag->diag_src,
+	};
+
+	for (unsigned long row = snippet->s_first_line;
+	     row <= snippet->s_last_line; row++) {
+		STREAM_COLOUR_LINE_NO(stream);
+		b_tty_printf(stream, 0, "  %4lu | ", row);
+		printer.ctx_row = row;
+
+		status = read_row(&printer, row);
+		if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		for (size_t i = 0;; i++) {
+			printer.ctx_col = i + 1;
+
+			update_amendment(&printer);
+
+			int c = get_char(&printer);
+
+			if (c == GET_CHAR_CONTINUE) {
+				continue;
+			} else if (c == GET_CHAR_STOP || c == '\n') {
+				break;
+			}
+
+			update_highlighting(&printer);
+
+			b_tty_putc(stream, 0, c);
+
+			update_underline(&printer);
+		}
+
+		b_tty_putc(stream, 0, '\n');
+		write_underline(&printer);
+	}
+
+	b_stringstream_unref(printer.ctx_underline);
+}
+
+static void print_component(
+	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_diag_component *component, b_tty *stream)
+{
+	switch (component->c_type) {
+	case MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_MSG:
+		print_msg(diag, (struct mie_diag_c_msg *)component, stream);
+		break;
+	case MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_SNIPPET:
+		print_snippet(diag, (struct mie_diag_c_snippet *)component, stream);
+		break;
+	default:
+		abort();
+	}
+}
+
+enum mie_status mie_diag_write_pretty(struct mie_diag *diag, b_tty *stream)
+{
+	print_header(diag, stream);
+	print_location(diag, stream);
+
+	b_queue_entry *entry = b_queue_first(&diag->diag_components);
+	while (entry) {
+		struct mie_diag_component *c
+			= b_unbox(struct mie_diag_component, entry, c_entry);
+
+		b_tty_putc(stream, 0, '\n');
+		print_component(diag, c, stream);
+
+		entry = b_queue_next(entry);
+	}
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}