diff --git a/tool/cmd/validate.c b/tool/cmd/validate.c
index 51b6bf0..7ee3231 100644
--- a/tool/cmd/validate.c
+++ b/tool/cmd/validate.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "../diag/diag.h"
+#include "../resolve.h"
 #include "cmd.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/func.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/index.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/meta.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/ptr.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/scf.h>
@@ -45,6 +47,16 @@ enum {
 	ARG_FILEPATH,
 };
 
+static void report_diag(struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+	while (diag) {
+		mie_diag_write_pretty(diag, b_stdtty_err);
+		/* TODO cleanup */
+		diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+	}
+}
+
 static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 {
 	b_file *file = NULL;
@@ -61,6 +73,7 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 	mie_builtin_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_meta_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_select_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_memref_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_ptr_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_arith_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_func_dialect_create(ctx);
@@ -81,49 +94,15 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 	struct mie_op *root = mie_op_create();
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_op(parse, NULL, root)) {
-		struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
-		while (diag) {
-			mie_diag_write_pretty(diag, b_stdtty_err);
-			/* TODO cleanup */
-			diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
-		}
-
+		report_diag(ctx);
 		printf("parse failed\n");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags
-		= MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
-	        | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
-	struct mie_walker walker;
-	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, walk_flags);
-
-	do {
-		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
-			fputs("  ", stdout);
-		}
-
-		switch (item->i_type) {
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
-			printf("looking at region %p...\n", item->i_region);
-			continue;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
-			printf("looking at block %p %s...\n", item->i_block,
-			       item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
-			continue;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
-
-			printf("resolving %p %s... ", item->i_op,
-			       item->i_op->op_name);
-			bool ok = mie_ctx_resolve_op(ctx, item->i_op);
-			printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
-			break;
-		default:
-			break;
-		}
-	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
-	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+	if (!resolve_op(root, ctx)) {
+		report_diag(ctx);
+		return -1;
+	}
 
 	struct mie_pass *prefix_func_with_underscore = NULL;
 	enum mie_status status = mie_ctx_get_pass(
@@ -150,44 +129,52 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 	mie_pass_manager_run(pm, root);
 
 	struct mie_printer printer;
-	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
+	mie_printer_init(
+		&printer, ctx, b_stdout,
+		MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED | MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS);
 	mie_printer_print_op(&printer, root);
 	printf("\n");
 
-	struct mie_op *func = mie_op_get_first_child_op(root);
-	walk_flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
-	           | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD;
-	mie_walker_begin(&walker, func, walk_flags);
+#if 0
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS
+	                                 | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
+	                                 | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, walk_flags);
 
 	do {
 		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
-			fputs("  ", stdout);
-		}
+		printf("looking at block %p %s...\n", item->i_block,
+		       item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
+		printf("  id=%u\n", item->i_block->b_id);
+		const char *idom = item->i_block->b_idom
+		                         ? item->i_block->b_idom->b_name.n_str
+		                         : "Unk";
+		printf("  idom=%s\n", idom);
+#if 0
+		const char *sdom = item->i_block->b_sdom
+		                         ? item->i_block->b_sdom->b_name.n_str
+		                         : "Unk";
+		const char *dfs_parent
+			= item->i_block->b_dfs_parent
+		                ? item->i_block->b_dfs_parent->b_name.n_str
+		                : "Unk";
+		printf("  sdom=%s\n", sdom);
+		printf("  dfs_parent=%s\n", dfs_parent);
+#endif
 
-		switch (item->i_type) {
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
-			printf("looking at region %p...\n", item->i_region);
-			break;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
-			printf("looking at block %p %s...\n", item->i_block,
-			       item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
-			break;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
-			if (item->i_op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
-				printf("looking at %p %s.%s...\n", item->i_op,
-				       item->i_op->op_dialect->d_name,
-				       item->i_op->op_info->op_name);
-			} else {
-				printf("looking at %p %s...\n", item->i_op,
-				       item->i_op->op_name);
-			}
-			break;
-		default:
-			break;
+		printf("  preds=");
+
+		struct mie_block_predecessor *pred
+			= mie_block_get_first_predecessor(item->i_block);
+		while (pred) {
+			printf(" %s", pred->p_block->b_name.n_str);
+			pred = mie_block_get_next_predecessor(item->i_block, pred);
 		}
+		printf("\n");
 	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
 	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+#endif
 
 #if 0